3. Cardiovascular Physiology

Which function of the circulatory system involves carrying respiratory gases, metabolites, and nutrients?
A. Regulation
B. Protection
C. Transportation
D. Hormonal balance

C. Transportation

What is one of the regulatory functions of the circulatory system?
A. Clotting
B. Temperature control
C. Nutrient absorption
D. Waste removal

B. Temperature control

How does the circulatory system protect against blood loss?
A. By carrying nutrients
B. Through immune response
C. By facilitating hormonal balance
D. By clotting

D. By clotting

What role do leukocytes play in the blood?
A. Carrying nutrients
B. Performing immune functions
C. Regulating temperature
D. Transporting respiratory gases

B. Performing immune functions

What is the average blood volume for males?
A. 4-5 liters
B. 5-6 liters
C. 6-7 liters
D. 3-4 liters

B. 5-6 liters

Which of the following is a primary cause of myocardial infarction?
A. Increased physical activity
B. Atherosclerosis
C. Low cholesterol levels
D. Decreased heart rate

B. Atherosclerosis

What is the average blood volume for females?
A. 5-6 liters
B. 3-4 liters
C. 4-5 liters
D. 6-7 liters

C. 4-5 liters

What type of tissue is blood classified as?
A. Epithelial tissue
B. Muscle tissue
C. Nervous tissue
D. Connective tissue

D. Connective tissue

What are the cellular components of blood known as?
A. Plasma
B. Formed elements
C. Hematocrit
D. Lymphocytes

B. Formed elements

What is the fluid portion of blood called?
A. Serum
B. Hemoglobin
C. Plasma
D. Cytoplasm

C. Plasma

What does hematocrit measure?
A. The amount of plasma in blood
B. The percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells
C. The number of white blood cells
D. The concentration of platelets

B. The percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells

What is the normal hematocrit range for males?
A. 37-47%
B. 42-52%
C. 45-55%
D. 40-50%

B. 42-52%

What is the normal hematocrit range for females?
A. 42-52%
B. 37-47%
C. 40-50%
D. 30-40%

B. 37-47%

What percentage of blood plasma is approximately water?
A. 70%
B. 80%
C. 90%
D. 95%

C. 90%

Which of the following is a component found in blood plasma?
A. Ions (Na+)
B. Nutrients
C. Hormones
D. A and C
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is a component found in blood plasma?
A. Enzymes
B. Antibodies
C. Proteins
D. A and C
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
A. Immune response
B. Clotting
C. Osmotic pressure regulation
D. Nutrient transport

C. Osmotic pressure regulation

Which plasma proteins are responsible for transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Globulins
C. Albumin
D. Antibodies

B. Globulins

What is the role of fibrinogen in the blood?
A. Nutrient transport
B. Immune response
C. Clotting
D. Waste removal

C. Clotting

What is the fluid that remains after blood has clotted called?
A. Plasma
B. Serum
C. Hemoglobin
D. Cytoplasm

B. Serum

Which of the following is NOT classified as a formed element in blood?

A. Erythrocytes

B. Leukocytes

C. Platelets

D. Plasma

D. Plasma

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
A. Immune response
B. Oxygen transport
C. Nutrient absorption
D. Blood clotting

B. Oxygen transport

What gives blood its red color?
A. Plasma
B. Erythrocytes
C. Hemoglobin
D. Leukocytes

C. Hemoglobin

What is the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?
A. One protein chain and one heme
B. Four protein chains called globins
C. Two protein chains and two heme
D. Three protein chains and one heme

B. Four protein chains called globins

What element found in heme is crucial for oxygen binding?
A. Calcium
B. Magnesium
C. Iron
D. Potassium

C. Iron

Where do erythrocytes originate?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Bone marrow
D. Thymus

C. Bone marrow

What occurs to oxygen in the lungs (eyrthrocytes)?
A. It is converted to carbon dioxide.
B. It binds to the iron in heme.
C. It is released into the blood plasma.
D. It is stored in the liver.

B. It binds to the iron in heme.

What initiates the production and release of the hormone erythropoietin?
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Cellular O2 deficiency
C. Elevated blood sugar
D. High plasma protein levels

B. Cellular O2 deficiency

Where is the majority of erythropoietin produced?
A. Liver
B. Bone marrow
C. Glomeruli of the kidney
D. Spleen

C. Glomeruli of the kidney

What is the primary role of erythropoietin?
A. Stimulating white blood cell production
B. Stimulating red blood cell production
C. Regulating blood pressure
D. Promoting clotting factor synthesis

B. Stimulating red blood cell production

Where are aged RBCs primarily removed from the blood?
A. Liver
B. Bone marrow
C. Kidneys
D. Sinuses of the spleen

D. Sinuses of the spleen

What unique feature do leukocytes possess that allows them to move in an amoeboid fashion?
A. Ability to produce energy
B. Presence of nuclei and mitochondria
C. Ability to absorb nutrients
D. Presence of hemoglobin

B. Presence of nuclei and mitochondria

What is the process called when leukocytes squeeze through pores in capillary walls to reach an infection site (sometimes known as extravasation)?
A. Filtration
B. Diapedesis
C. Hemolysis
D. Osmosis

B. Diapedesis

Which of the following is a type of agranular leukocyte?

A. Lymphocytes

B. Basophils

C. Monocyes

D. A and C

E. All of the above

D. A and C

Which of the following is a type of granular leukocyte?

A. Eosinophils

B. Basophils

C. Neutrophils

D. A and C

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
A. Clotting blood
B. Fighting against antigens
C. Transporting nutrients
D. Regulating blood pressure

B. Fighting against antigens

What color does the nucleus of a lymphocyte typically stain?
A. Light pink
B. Dark purple
C. Blue
D. Green

B. Dark purple

Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils

B. T cells

Which type of lymphocyte multiplies to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils

A. B cells

What is the function of Basophils?

A. Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

B. Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

C. Mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies

B. Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

What is the function of Lymphocytes?

A. Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

B. Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

C. Mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies

C. Mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies

What is the function of Monocytes?

A. Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

B. Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

C. Mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies

A. Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

What are monocytes classified as?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Phagocytic cells
C. Platelets
D. Granular leukocytes

B. Phagocytic cells

What is the shape of a monocyte's nucleus?
A. Round
B. Oval
C. Kidney-shaped
D. Irregular

C. Kidney-shaped

What is the largest leukocyte?
A. Basophils
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes

B. Monocytes

What is the primary role of platelets in the body?
A. Oxygen transport
B. Blood clotting
C. Nutrient absorption
D. Immune response

B. Blood clotting

What substance do platelets release to stimulate constriction of blood vessels?
A. Histamine
B. Serotonin
C. Adrenaline
D. Hemoglobin

B. Serotonin

What type of factors do platelets secrete that act as autocrine regulators?
A. Growth factors
B. Hormones
C. Enzymes
D. Antibodies

A. Growth factors

Where do blood cells originate in the human embryo?
A. Liver
B. Yolk sac
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen

B. Yolk sac

After the yolk sac, where do stem cells migrate to in the fetus?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Kidneys
D. Lungs

B. Liver

What is the term for the formation of erythrocytes?
A. Leukopoiesis
B. Hematopoiesis
C. Erythropoiesis
D. Thrombopoiesis

C. Erythropoiesis

What is the term for the formation of leukocytes?
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Hematopoiesis
C. Leukopoiesis
D. Thrombopoiesis

C. Leukopoiesis

Erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis occur in two classes after birth. Which of the following describes Myeloid tissue?

A. Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

B. Red bone marrow of the long bones, sternum, pelvis, and bodies of the vertebrae.

B. Red bone marrow of the long bones, sternum, pelvis, and bodies of the vertebrae.

Erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis occur in two classes after birth. Which of the following describes Lymphoid tissue?

A. Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

B. Red bone marrow of the long bones, sternum, pelvis, and bodies of the vertebrae.

A. Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

Where do all blood cells originate?
A. Liver
B. Yolk sac
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen

C. Bone marrow

From what type of cell do all blood cells originate?
A. Erythrocyte
B. Platelet
C. Blood stem cell
D. Myeloid cell

C. Blood stem cell

Which type of stem cells give rise to all blood cells (excluding lymphocytes)?
A. Myeloid stem cells
B. Hematopoietic stem cells
C. Lymphoid stem cells
D. Erythroid stem cells

A. Myeloid stem cells

What are the committed cells in the genesis of erythrocytes called?
A. Proerythroblasts
B. Reticulocytes
C. Myeloid stem cells
D. Erythrocytes

A. Proerythroblasts

How long do reticulocytes remain in circulation?
A. 1-2 hours
B. 1-2 days
C. 1-2 weeks
D. 1-2 months

B. 1-2 days

The production of red blood cells and synthesis of hemoglobin depend on which of the following nutrients?
A. Calcium, Vitamin D, and potassium
B. Iron, Vitamin B12, and folic acid
C. Magnesium, Vitamin C, and zinc
D. Sodium, Vitamin A, and fiber

B. Iron, Vitamin B12, and folic acid

Which of the following describes iron-deficiency anemia (a disorder of erythrocytes)?

A. Disorder due to insufficient amount of vitamin B12

B. Disorder due to insufficient amount of iron

C. Disorder due to the destruction of the bone marrow (may be caused by chemical/radiation)

B. Disorder due to insufficient amount of iron

Which of the following describes pernicious anemia (a disorder of erythrocytes)?

A. Disorder due to insufficient amount of vitamin B12

B. Disorder due to insufficient amount of iron

C. Disorder due to the destruction of the bone marrow (may be caused by chemical/radiation)

A. Disorder due to insufficient amount of vitamin B12

Which of the following describes aplastic anemia (a disorder of erythrocytes)?

A. Disorder due to insufficient amount of vitamin B12

B. Disorder due to insufficient amount of iron

C. Disorder due to the destruction of the bone marrow (may be caused by chemical/radiation)

C. Disorder due to the destruction of the bone marrow (may be caused by chemical/radiation)

What do granulocytes (granular leukocytes) form from?

A. Monoblasts

B. Myeloblasts

C. Megakaryoblasts

D. Proerythroblasts

B. Myeloblasts

What do monoblasts enlarge to become?

A. Lymphocytes

B. Erythrocytes

C. Monocytes

D. Granulocytes

C. Monocytes

What type of cells give rise to platelets?
A. Erythroblasts
B. Myeloblasts
C. Megakaryoblasts
D. Monoblasts

C. Megakaryoblasts

What is polycythemia?

A. Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

B. Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

C. An inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule

B. Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

What is anemia?

A. Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

B. Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

C. An inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule

A. Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

What is sickle cell disease?

A. Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

B. Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

C. An inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule

C. An inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule

What is normocytic anemia caused by?

A. vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

B. iron deficiency

C. blood loss

C. blood loss

What is microcytic anemia caused by?

A. vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

B. iron deficiency

C. blood loss

B. iron deficiency

What is macrocytic anemia caused by?

A. vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

B. iron deficiency

C. blood loss

A. vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

How do erythrocytes appear in sickle cell disease?
A. They are smaller than normal
B. They distort into a sickle shape
C. They are larger than normal
D. They become irregularly shaped

B. They distort into a sickle shape

Leukemia is a type of cancer. How is it classified?
A. By age of onset
B. As lymphoblastic or myeloblastic
C. By gender
D. Based on symptoms

B. As lymphoblastic or myeloblastic

What is thrombocytopenia?
A. Abnormally high concentration of platelets
B. Normal platelet levels
C. Abnormally low concentration of platelets
D. A form of leukemia

C. Abnormally low concentration of platelets

What type of disorder is sickle cell disease?
A. Infectious disease
B. Inherited blood disorder
C. Autoimmune disorder
D. Nutritional deficiency

B. Inherited blood disorder

What abnormal type of hemoglobin is primarily found in red blood cells of individuals with sickle cell disease?
A. Hemoglobin A
B. Hemoglobin F
C. Hemoglobin S
D. Hemoglobin C

C. Hemoglobin S

What difficulty do sickle-shaped red blood cells encounter?
A. They are unable to transport oxygen
B. They have difficulty passing through small blood vessels
C. They aggregate too easily
D. They degrade too quickly

B. They have difficulty passing through small blood vessels

What type of hemoglobin is found in normal red blood cells?
A. Hemoglobin S
B. Hemoglobin C
C. Hemoglobin A
D. Hemoglobin F

C. Hemoglobin A

What is the typical lifespan of a normal red blood cell?
A. 60 days
B. 90 days
C. 120 days
D. 150 days

C. 120 days

Which of the following are considered abnormal types of hemoglobin?
A. Hemoglobin A and hemoglobin F
B. Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C
C. Hemoglobin B and hemoglobin D
D. Hemoglobin A and hemoglobin C

B. Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C

What is a common consequence of sickle cells being destroyed rapidly in the body?
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Anemia
C. Hypertension
D. Diabetes

B. Anemia

What is a painful episode in sickle cell disease commonly referred to as?
A. Crisis
B. Attack
C. Episode
D. Flare-up

A. Crisis

Which of the following areas can be affected during a painful crisis?
A. Only the abdomen
B. The brain and heart
C. The bones of the back, long bones, and chest
D. The skin and muscles

C. The bones of the back, long bones, and chest

What type of supplement is recommended for individuals with sickle cell disease?
A. Vitamin D
B. Iron
C. Folic acid
D. Calcium

C. Folic acid

Which of the following is commonly prescribed to help prevent bacterial infections in patients with sickle cell disease?
A. Vaccines
B. Pain relievers
C. Antibiotics
D. A and C
E. All of the above

D. A and C

Where does leukemia (cancer of RBC's) originate in the body?
A. In the liver
B. In the spleen
C. In the bone marrow
D. In the lymph nodes

C. In the bone marrow

What type of cells are produced in excess in patients with leukemia?
A. Red blood cells
B. Normal white blood cells
C. Abnormal white blood cells
D. Platelets

C. Abnormal white blood cells

How do leukemia cells differ from normal white blood cells?
A. They grow more slowly
B. They function normally
C. They grow faster and do not stop growing
D. They are smaller in size

C. They grow faster and do not stop growing

There are four types of Leukemia: acute, chronic, lymphocytic (lymphoblastic), and myelogenous leukemia. Which of the following describes Lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia?

A. Leukemia affecting lymphocytes (WBC); produces a large number of mature lymphocytes

B. Leukemia affects myelocytes (WBC); and produces large numbers of immature and mature WBCs

A. Leukemia affecting lymphocytes (WBC); produces a large number of mature lymphocytes

There are four types of Leukemia: acute, chronic, lymphocytic (lymphoblastic), and myelogenous leukemia. Which of the following describes Myelogenous (lymphoblastic) leukemia?

A. Leukemia affecting lymphocytes (WBC); produces a large number of mature lymphocytes

B. Leukemia affects myelocytes (WBC); and produces large numbers of immature and mature WBCs

B. Leukemia affects myelocytes (WBC); and produces large numbers of immature and mature WBCs

A patient presents with the following symptoms: fever and night sweats, headache, and bleeding easily. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

B. Leukemia

A patient presents with the following symptoms: attacks of abdominal pain, bone pain, and breathlessness. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

A. Sickle cell disease

A patient presents with the following symptoms: delayed growth and puberty, fatigue, and fever. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

A. Sickle cell disease

A patient presents with the following symptoms: bone/joint pain, swollen lymph nodes in the armpit/neck, and prone to infections. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

B. Leukemia

A patient presents with the following symptoms: weakness and weight loss. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

B. Leukemia

A patient presents with the following symptoms: paleness, jaundice, rapid heart rate, and ulcers on the lower leg. Which of the following is causing these symptoms?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Leukemia

A. Sickle cell disease

Which of the following describes the leukemia treatment: chemotherapy?

A. Used to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote anti-leukemia activity

B. Used to kill cancer cells by high exposure to high-energy radiation

C. Used to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs

D. Used to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

C. Used to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs

Which of the following describes the leukemia treatment: Interferon-alpha (INFa) therapy?

A. Used to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote anti-leukemia activity

B. Used to kill cancer cells by high exposure to high-energy radiation

C. Used to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs

D. Used to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

A. Used to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote anti-leukemia activity

Which of the following describes the leukemia treatment: Radiation therapy?

A. Used to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote anti-leukemia activity

B. Used to kill cancer cells by high exposure to high-energy radiation

C. Used to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs

D. Used to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

B. Used to kill cancer cells by high exposure to high-energy radiation