Unit 15: 1930s and WWII

Washington Conference of 1921

An attempt to prevent a naval armaments race between America, Britain, and Japan (Reduce navies of the world)

Five Power-Pact

• Established both limits for total navy tonnage and a ratio of armaments

• Attempted to stop arms race.

Nine-Power Pact

• Think Japan

• Pledged a continuation of open door policy in China

Kellogg-Brian’s Pact

• A multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of national policy.

• Secretary of State Frank Kellogg proposed this

Good Neighbor Policy

• American efforts to enhance both diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America

• Less paternal relationship and more cooperation

Neutrality Act of 1935

Established a mandatory arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the President to warn U.S. citizens.

Cash And Carry Policy

• Worrying nations could purchase only non-military goods from the United States and had to pay in cash and carry goods away on their own ships.

Order of Appeasement

1. 1936: Hitler moved German army into the Rhineland

2. March 1938: German forces marched into Austria

3. September 1938: Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia cede to him the Sudetenland

4. March 1939: Hitler Occupied the rest of Czechoslavakia

5. April 1939: Hitler invaded Poland (FDR declares US neutrality)

Munich Conference

• September 29th, Hitler met with leaders of France and Great Britain here, in an effort to resolve the crisis

• Britain and France agreed to accept the German demands on Czechoslovakia if Hitler promised to expand no further.

• Most prominent element of Appeasement

Lend-Lease

• Allowed government not only to sell but to lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the US”

• Secretary of war Henry Stimson argued U.S. should itself convey vessels to England

• Isolationists Against

Atlantic Charter

• A pivotal policy statement issued during World War II that defined the Allied goals for the post-war world.

• It was agreed upon by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941.

Tripartite Pact

• A loose defensive alliances with Germany and Italy

• Economics was used by FDR to try and halt Japanese aggression in Asia

• FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and established a complete trade embargo.

Korematsu v. US

• Supreme Court ruled the relocation of Japanese Americans was constitutionally permissible.

• Compare to Schenek v United States

George C. Marshall

Army Chief of Staff (Europe)

Battle of the Bulge

• Ended any serious German resistance in the West.

• Germans drove 50 miles toward Antwerp before being stopped at Bastogne

Iwo Jima

• Costliest single battle in history of Marine Corp

• 20,000 casualties

Okinawa

Evidence of the strength of Japanese resistance in last desperate months.

Zoot Suit Riots

• Mexican youth styles rebellion in 1940s

• Tension between Anglo-American servicemen’s and Mexican Community

• Servicemen’s resented the community