APCSP all units

Decimal number

Decimal number

a base 10 number with ten possible different digits

Binary number

a base 2 number with two possible different digits

Bit

Each 1 or 0 in binary represents …

Byte

8 bits are a …

how many binary numbers can we create with n-bits.

2^n binary numbers

what is the largest binary number we can create with n-bits?

2^n-1

Overflow Error

When you try to represent a number that is so large that it requires more bits to the left of the decimal point than have been allotted

Roundoff Error

When you try to represent a fractional value that requires more bits to the right of the decimal point than have been allotted

Abstraction

Hiding complex system details for easier use and understanding

Metadata

Data describing other data

Analog Data

Data with continuously changing values

Digital Data

Data with discreet changes through a finite set of values

Sampling

Converting analog data into digital data through distinct samples

Lossless Compression

Reducing message size while maintaining exact reconstruction

Lossy Compression

Reducing message size without exact reconstruction

Computing Device

Machine running programs like computers, tablets, servers

Computing Network

Interconnected devices capable of communication

Path

Connections between computing devices on a network

Redundancy

Multiple paths between devices in a network

Fault Tolerant

Network's ability to function despite component failures

Bandwidth

Maximum data sent in a fixed time, measured in bits per second

Protocol

Agreed-upon rules specifying system behavior

IP Address

Unique number assigned to devices on the Internet

Router

Computer forwarding data across a network

Datastream

Information passed through the internet in packets

Packet

Chunk of data sent over a network

TCP

Protocol ensuring error-free packet transmission

UDP

Protocol for quick packet transmission with minimal error-checking

Server

Computer storing and sharing data on the internet

DNS

Protocol converting domain names to IP addresses

HTTP

A series of commands (like GET and POST) that tells a computer what it should do with the data it was just sent.

HTML

the code, functions, and commands given to your web browser by a web server that the browser uses to render a webpage.

HTTPS

A safety protocol to ensure the website you are visiting is what it says it is.

Digital Divide

Inequalities between those with and without computer and online access

Net Neutrality

Principle of treating all internet communications equally

Creative Commons

Copyright licensing allowing free distribution

Copyright Issues

Legal concerns regarding intellectual property rights

Debugging

Finding and fixing errors in code

Syntax Error

Error due to incorrect programming language

Logic Error

Program runs without crashing but doesn't perform as intended

Sequential Programming

Program statements run in order

Event Driven Programming

Program statements triggered by events like mouse clicks

Value

Number or string in programming

Expression

Combination of operators and values evaluating to a single value

Variable

Container holding one value at a time

Assignment Operator

Allows assigning or changing variable values

Boolean Value

Data type representing true or false

Global Variable

Defined outside functions, usable anywhere in the program

Local Variable

Defined inside functions, usable only within that function

Comparison Operators

Operators comparing Boolean values

Logical Operators

Operators like AND, OR, NOT

List

Ordered collection of elements

Element

Individual value in a list with a unique index

Index

Method for referencing list elements using numbers

Length of a List

Number of elements in a list

appendItem()

Adds an element to the end of a list

insertItem()

Places an element at a specific index in a list

removeItem()

Removes an element at a specific index in a list

myList.length

Returns the length of a list

Iteration

Repetitive portion of an algorithm

Simulations

Computer-based simulations for complex tasks

Functions

Reusable code chunks in programming

Parameter

Variable in a function definition

Argument

Value passed into a function as a parameter

Return

Used to pass information back from a function to the main program

Library

Group of functions used in creating programs

API

Specifications for library functions' behavior

Procedural Abstraction

Naming functions for use without knowing implementation

Modularity

Subdivision of a program into subprograms

Problem

General task description solvable with an algorithm

Algorithm

Set of instructions accomplishing a task

Efficiency

Algorithm's speed in solving a problem

Linear Search

Algorithm checking each list element until finding the desired value

Binary Search

Algorithm starting in the middle of a sorted set to find a value

linear search

sequentially checks data starting from the beginning to the end of the list?

binary search

checks the middle of the list, elimates numbers too small, forms a new middle and eliminates numbers, continues the process until completed

What is the difference between binary search and linear search?

binary search requires a sorted list

Which growth problems are unreasonable?

exponential, factorial

Which growth problems are reasonable?

log, linear, polynomial

heuristic

provide a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual “perfect solution” is impractical or impossible

parallel processing

adding more processors within a single computer and dividing a task among those processors

distributed processing

adding more computers within a network and dividing a task among those computers

sequential computing

a single processor runs a program in order, one command at a time

speedup

the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel (ie slow time divide by fast time)

bar chart

• used for single data columns

• counts frequency of data values

• can be used with strings

• cannot be used if data has too many unique values

histogram

• used for single data columns

• counts frequency of data value ranges

  • cant be used with strings`

cross tab chart

• used with two data columns

• counts frequency of data pairs

• can be used with strings

• cannot be used if data has too many unique values

scatter plot

• used with two data columns

• plots data values on two axes

• can be used with strings

• does not show frequnecy

When does data need to be cleaned?

• when it is incomplete

• when it is invalid

• multiple tables are combined into one

filtering data

allows the user to look at a subset of the data

big data

Data sets that are too large to be analyzed by normal statistical methods

citizen science / crowdsource data

members of the public help collect and contrubute data to big data sets for large organizations to study

open data

large organizations provide their big data sets to the general public for open analysis

machine learning

the process in which a machine can find patterns in data and use it to classify objects not in the original data set

bias

diverse data sets need to be used in order to create accurate data

Personal Identifiable Information (PII)

information about an indivivual that identidies, links, relates, or describes them

phishing

technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information, usually by pretending to be an authority figure

keylogging

the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer in order to gain fraudulent access to confidential information

malware

software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation

DOS (denial of service)

a technique that floods the network server with more requests than it can handle in an attempt to bring the network down