Prosocial behavior

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39 Terms

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prosocial behavior

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person, even if it’s for selfish reasons

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altruism

the desire to help another person, even if it involves a cost to the helper

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kin selection

idea that people help genetic relatives to ensure that their genetics get passed down, even if it isn’t directly by them

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learning social norms

people who are accepted and taught by large group have an evolutionary advantage

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norm of reciprocity

expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help you in the future, if someone does something for you, you feel the need to do something for them

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social exchange theory

suggests that altruism doesn’t exist and people only help when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs

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rewards of helping

-norm of reciprocity

-investment for when we need help in the future

-helping can relieve personal distress for a bystander

-social approval and increased self-worth

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costs of helping

-physical danger

-pain

-embarrassment

-time

-money

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empathy

ability to put oneself in someone else’s shoes and experience the emotions they do

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empathy-altruism hypothesis

idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help them for purely altruistic reasons

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when we have something in common with them

when do we feel the most empathetic for a person

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3 basic motives for prosocial behavior

  1. Instinctive reaction to promote welfare of people genetically similar to us

  2. Rewards of helping outweigh the costs

  3. empathy and compassion

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altruistic personality

personality trait derived from agreeableness that makes someone more likely to help others, very small effect compared to situational factors

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one time, dramatic displays

when are men more likely help

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long-term, dedicated situations

when are women more likely to help

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in group

group with which an individual identifies as a member

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out-group

any group with which an individual does not identify

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collectivistic cultures

are more likely to help in-group members but less likely to help anyone who is in the out-group

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more likely to help in situations where efforts are obvious

religion and prosocial behavior

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How good mood makes us act in prosocial ways

  1. Make us look on the bright side of life

  2. Helping prolongs our good mood

  3. Good moods increase self-attention

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increases helping behavior to “cancel out”

impact of feeling guilty on prosocial behavior

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negative state relief hypothesis

people help in order to relieve their own sadness and distress

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Two hypotheses for why people help more in small towns

  1. Values and upbringing

  2. Urban overload hypothesis

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urban overload hypothesis

people who live in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

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impact of residential mobility

people who’ve lived in an area for a long time are more attached to their community, interact with neighbors more, and face greater consequences for not helping

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Steps of helping

  1. Notice event

  2. Interpret event as emergency

  3. Assume responsibility

  4. Know appropriate form of assistance

  5. Implement help

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Notice the event

first step of helping that is inhibited by a state of hurry or distraction

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interpret event as an emergency

second step of helping in which people look to others and employ informational social influence to decide what is going on and whether action must be taken

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pluralistic ignorance

bystanders assume that nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned

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assuming responsibility

third step of helping in which people either decide it is their job to help or diffuse blame to other bystanders

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know how to help

fourth step of helping in which the person evaluates the needs of the victim and what needs to be done, along with whether you are the correct person to do so

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deciding to implement help

final step of helping behavior in which you act on your decision

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why people in urban areas don’t help

  1. Urban overload

  2. Compassion fatigue

  3. Diffusion of responsibility

  4. Victims are strangers

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compassion fatigue

idea that lots of people need help which is impossible and means its not your problem

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What to do if you need help

  1. Reduce ambiguity and identify situation as emergency

  2. Create empathy by finding friends, making eye contact, and smiling

  3. Pick a specific person to ask for help

  4. Specifically highlight needs

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Door in face technique

initially asking for something large to decrease it to smaller and create illusion of compromise

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Foot in door technique

asking for very little initially then building on it

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foot in door followed by door in the face

most effective persuasion strategy

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