Medical and Pharmaceutical Ethics Practice Flashcards

Detailed vocabulary flashcards based on medical and pharmaceutical ethics history, international declarations, and Vietnamese regulations.

Morality

The ability to distinguish between right and wrong.

Ethics

A system of principles intended to regulate and evaluate human behavior in relationships with other people, nature, the country, and society.

Hippocrates

The Greek physician who rejected the concept of supernatural power as a cause of disease and established the Hippocratic Oath.

Phạm Ngọc Thạch

The first Minister of Health of Vietnam who died on the battlefield while researching malaria.

Tuệ Tĩnh

Considered the progenitor of the Vietnamese pharmaceutical industry and the author of the book "Nam dược thần hiệu".

Hải Thượng Lãn Ông (Lê Hữu Trác)

A famous Vietnamese traditional doctor who authored the collection "Y tông tâm lĩnh" but did not write "Hồng nghĩa giác tự y thư".

Thomas Percival

An English physician who published ethical standards in medicine in $1794$.

Helsinki Declaration

An international document regarding medical research involving human subjects, drafted by the WMA and revised $6$ times.

Nuremberg Code

The first international document established after WWII regarding ethics in biomedical research involving humans.

Geneva Declaration

Issued by the World Medical Association (WMA) in $1948$.

Belmont Report: Beneficence

The principle of "do no harm" while ensuring the well-being and health status of research participants.

Belmont Report: Justice

The principle of distributing the risks and benefits of research fairly among participants.

Belmont Report: Respect for Persons

The principle of allowing individuals the freedom to choose to participate without pressure, based on full information.

Pharmacode

Ethical guidelines for pharmaceutical companies established in September $2001$ in the UK.

US pharmaceutical ethics

Consists of $8$ specific rules.

Vietnam pharmaceutical ethics

Consists of $10$ rules issued by the Ministry of Health in $1999$.

Right to Autonomy

The right of a patient to make decisions based on receiving full information, understanding, and having the capacity to take responsibility.

Rule 1 of Vietnam Medical Ethics

Continually study and actively conduct scientific research to improve professional qualifications.

Rule 3 of Vietnam Medical Ethics

Do not have a patronizing attitude, abuse the profession, or cause trouble for patients.

Rule 4 of Vietnam Medical Ethics

Do not use patients as subjects for experimental diagnostic or treatment methods or scientific research without Ministry of Health permission and patient consent.

Rule 12 of Medical Ethics and Rule 10 of Pharmaceutical Ethics

Both require being a role model in leading a civilized lifestyle and actively participating in the fight against social evils.

Ethical overlap: Rule 6 of Medical Ethics and Rule 8 of Pharmaceutical Ethics

Both emphasize not allowing profit motives to damage the health or interests of patients.

Domperidone Guidelines

According to the American Gastroenterological Association, avoid use if the ECG QT interval is greater than $0.47\,s$ for females and $0.45\,s$ for males.

ONTARGET Study

Research that compared the clinical effectiveness of Telmisartan with Ramipril, noting that $4.2\%$ of patients experienced severe coughing.

Wendell Johnson's "Monster Study"

An unethical experiment on stuttering where negative labeling caused permanent speech fluency issues in normal children.

Pfizer's Trovan Trial

An unethical clinical trial conducted on children in Kano, Nigeria.

Guatemala Syphilis Study

A US-led study to investigate the natural progression of syphilis and the effectiveness of Penicillin.

Confucius' (Khổng Tử) Ethical Principles

Traditional Eastern standards consisting of Ren (Humanity), Yi (Righteousness), Li (Ritual), Zhi (Wisdom), and Xin (Trustworthiness).