Unit 4 (1800-1848)

Revolution of 1800 (1800)

The U.S. presidential election of 1800, often called the 'Jeffersonian Revolution,' marked a pivotal moment in American history. It signified the peaceful transition of power from the Federalist Party, under President John Adams, to the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson. This election was groundbreaking as it demonstrated that a change in government could be achieved without resorting to violence, setting a crucial precedent for future democratic transitions. The term 'revolution' highlights the significant shift in political ideology and governance.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

In 1803, the United States acquired the Louisiana Territory from France for approximately $15 million – a deal brokered by Thomas Jefferson. This vast territory, spanning 828,000 square miles, effectively doubled the size of the nation. Control of the Mississippi River and the crucial port of New Orleans was gained, facilitating trade and westward expansion. This acquisition was a watershed moment in American history, opening vast new lands for settlement and resource exploitation.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury v. Madison was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that firmly established the principle of judicial review. This principle empowers the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, thereby acting as a critical check on the legislative and executive branches of government. The case solidified the judiciary's role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring the balance of power within the federal government.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. The primary causes included trade restrictions imposed by Britain on American shipping, the impressment of American sailors into the British Royal Navy (essentially kidnapping them and forcing them into service), and British support for Native American tribes resisting U.S. expansion in the Northwest Territory. While the war ended in a stalemate, it solidified American sovereignty, fostered a sense of national unity, and spurred domestic manufacturing.