ICEV exam

Common Electrical Technology

Is used daily in veterinary clinics to help determine illness and the overall health of animalsIncludes:centrifuge autoclave microscope

Centrifuge

Is used for the separation of fluids by spinning a vessel holding material at a high speedForce separates the heavier material from the lighter material within the vessel

Centrifuge - Fecal Examination

Is the most common method used to detect parasites lows:examination of fecal samples for worm eggs, larvae and protozoa identification of zoonotic parasites which can be a risk to children or family prevention of parasites

Centrifuge - Fecal Examination Process

• adding fresh fecal flotation solution to the tube until a (rounded) meniscus formsIncludes:collecting a fresh sample of feces which is free from rocks, soil, etc.placing the stool into a specimen containerplacing a small amount of fecal material into a test tube and mix it with a fecal flotation solutionrunning the centrifuge for at least five minutes fecal debris will sink to the bottom and other material will float to the topplacing the cover slip on top of the tuberemoving the cover slip and place the liquid side down onto a glass slide top examining the entire cover slip for parasite eggs

Centrifuge - Urine Analysis

Helps examine sediments in the urine Detects if the urine contains the following:-increased amount of red blood cells-increased amount of white blood cells-casts from an inflammatory condition-crystals from bladder stones or infectionClinic Corner: sediments are substances found in the urine

Red Blood Cells

Which are found in large numbers in urine generally indicate bleeding in the urinary tract

White Blood Cells

Which are found in large numbers in urine may indicate inflammation of the bladder or a kidney infection

Crystals

• Are made up of minerals and are sometimes found in the urine

• May clump together and form bladder stones

Centrifuge - Urine Analysis Process

Includes: collecting a urine sample by using a clean, dry container pouring urine into centrifuge tube placing in the centrifuge applying a small drop on a clean cover slip and slide after a few minutes evaluating the urine under a microscope

Centrifuge - Blood Examination

• Is used to measure the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, known as Packed Cell Volume (PCV)-for high PCV-condition is called polycythemia, which is common for animals with dehydration or diarrhea -for low PCV-condition would indicate the animal is anemic or bleeding

Centrifuge - Blood Examination Process

Includes:collecting a blood sample from a vein with a syringe or needle-inserting blood into a test tube, and wait 20 to 30 minutes for clotting time-placing in the centrifuge -making sure the serum and plasma have separated after 10 minutes -sending the blood sample out for further testing

Centrifuge Safety

Includes:insuring the centrifuge bowl and tubes are dry

• checking the balancer

• cleanliness of the spindle

• avoiding overfilling tubes and bottles

• insuring rotor is properly placed

• insuring proper placement of O-rings

• using a cleanliness balancer

• securely shutting the lid

Centrifuge Care & Maintenance

Includes:thoroughly cleaning the sample/rotor chamber

• use a sponge, warm water and mild detergent

• -removing stains with a plastic scrub pad

• lubricating motors to avoid unleveled movements

• decontaminating and disinfecting if there is ever an occurrence of tube breakage

• contacting a reputable equipment company for major service repairs

• always following the manufacturers manual

Autoclaves

• Decontaminate and sterilize surgical instruments

• Uses heat, steam and pressure above boiling temperature to clean instruments

Chemical Indicator Strips

• Are commonly referred to as autoclave tape indicators

• Show whether or not a specific temperature was reached in the autoclave when sterilizing material

• Change colors after exposure to specific temperatures

Loading the Autoclave

Includes:wrapping the instruments in a sterilized pouch and applying indicator tapesome instruments do not need to be wrapped

• checking the water level

-only use distilled water to fill

-loading autoclave with all contents evenly distributed

• sealing the chamber

-selecting the sterilize setting allowing the autoclave to begin

-sterilizing the instruments

• sterilizing sealing general surgical packs and wrapped items for at least 30 minutes in at least 250°F (121°C)

Unloading the Autoclave

Includes:making sure all items are dry when pulled out and the indicator tape has changed color

-indicator tape will have black lines

Autoclave Safety

Includes:being cautious of hot surfaces when loading and unloading

• keeping face, body and hands away from escaping heat and steam

Autoclave Care & Maintenance

Includes:-cleaning trays and racks with a mild detergent and non-scratch pad

-completely draining water weekly and refilling with distilled water

• thoroughly inspecting, cleaning, testing and calibrating once a year

Microscopes

• Are used to analyze blood, fecal, urine and sperm microscopically

• Helps determine if an animal is infected with disease, parasites or are reproductively sound

• (ocular lens)

• eyepiece allows the viewer to see the specimen

• body tube

• -connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

• arm

• -connects the body tube to the base of the microscope

• coarse adjustment

• brings the specimen into a general focus

• fine adjustment;

• fine tunes and increases the detail of the specimen, revolving nose piece; rotates the objective lenses

-stage

-where the specimen slide is placed

-stage clips-

metal clips which hold the slide in place

• diaphragm-

• adjusts the amount of light which reaches the specimen

• base-

• supports the microscope and is where the light or illuminator is located

-light or illuminator-

a steady light source which is mounted under the stage

Microscope Care & Maintenance

Includes:dusting with pressurized air or a soft brush

-cleaning the body and stand with a moist, soft cloth and mild detergent

Which of the following warns animals of possible predators?

Alarm pheromones

Which of the following pheromones can be used to recognize other animals?

Territorial pheromones

What type of pheromones does a female dog excrete while she is in heat which attracts male dogs from more than a mile away?

Sex pheromones

Which of the following are known as spacing pheromones?

Epideictic pheromones

Spiny lobsters use which of the following pheromones to create safety in numbers by forming groups to wave spiny antennae in order to deter predators?

Aggregation pheromones

Which of the following hormones is released during a fight, resulting in animals being aggressive for several hours afterwards?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following hormones can attract a male from more than a mile away?

Estrogen

When two male dogs are seeking the same female, the dog with a higher level of which of the following hormones will obtain the female?

Testosterone

Which of the following hormones is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

amino acid hormones

Which of the following hormones helps maintain pregnancy?

progesterone

What do butterflies have on their feet which allows them to sense different strengths and types of nectar?

chemoreceptors

Which of the following causes male peacocks to use their brightly colored tails to impress and attract female peacocks?

visual communication

Which of the following causes male grasshoppers to produce more than 400 mating songs, each with a different meaning?

Courtship rituals

What is it called when an animal communicates through water or air vibrations?

acoustic

Which of the following is made by the giving and receiving of audible noises from one animal to another?

vocal communication

Which of the following helps animals learn movements and become more successful predators as adults?

playing

Which of the following occurs when a young chimpanzee learns foraging and social behavior from watching its mother and other members of the group?

observation

Which of the following takes place when an animal uses past experiences to make a decision regarding its actions?

reasoning

Which of the following occurs when an animal becomes accustomed to a particular situation due to frequent repetition?

habituation

Which of the following occurs when animals learn to respond to a stimulus in a certain way due to reinforcement from a reward or punishment?

conditioning

Which of the following takes place when one animal watches the actions of another and learns from those actions?

Observation

Which of the following controls walking?

Genetics

Which of the following explains the reason for rapid learning which occurs during a brief receptive period, often right after birth or hatching?

Imprinting

Which of the following causes animals to communicate through the ground or other foundation?

Substratum

Which of the following pheromones is excreted from the stinger of a worker bee which signals other bees to the threat, explaining why once one bee has stung, others move in?

Alarm pheromones

Which of the following tells a newly hatched herring gull to peck a small red spot on its mother's beak in order to be fed?

Instinct

Which of the following pheromones helps regulate population density?

Epideictic pheromones

Which of the following causes females to become more agitated and aggressive towards other animals and humans?

pregnancy

Which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of the male sex organs and sperm?

testosterone

Veterinary Responsibility

Dictated by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) includes:Veterinarian 1Oath, Principles of Veterinary 2Ethics

Veterinarian's Oath

-Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the 1benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the 2promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge.

-I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics.

-I accept as a lifelong obligation to the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.

Principles of Veterinary Ethics

• Include:being 1 dedicated to providing competent veterinary medical care, with compassion and respect for animal welfare and human healthproviding veterinary medical clinical care under the 2terms of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship

• Include upholding the standards of 1professionalism, being honest in all professional interactions and reporting veterinarians who are deficient in character or competence to the appropriate entities

4. respecting the law and also recognizing a responsibility to seek changes to laws and regulations which are 2contraryto the best interests of the patient and public health

5. Respecting the 1rightsof clients, colleagues and other health professionals and shall safeguard medical information within the confines of the law

6. Continuing to study, apply and advance knowledge, maintain a 2commitmentto veterinary medical education, make relevant information available to clients, colleagues, the public and obtain consultation or referral when indicated

7. Within the provision of 1appropriatepatient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate and the environment in which to provide veterinary medical care

8. Recognizing a 2responsibilityto participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health

Ethics

Are extremely important in veterinary 1medicine because the public holds veterinarian 2professionalsand staff members in very high regard and trust in their services

Ethical Behavior

Starts at the top of any organization and is characterized by honesty, fairness and respect towards professionals, coworkers and clients

Unethical Behavior

Is characterized as an action which is not considered 1morally right within a profession

Reasons for Unethical Behavior

Might include the following:needing to meet sales, profit or budget goals no recognition politics in the work place poor 1communication balancing work and familywork loadlack of management support personal 2worries insufficient resources

Regulatory Agencies

Include:federal: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)Occupational Safety & 1Health Administration (OSHA)

2state:Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)The American Association of Veterinary State Boards

Board of Pharmacy professional liability insurance

U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

Is a scientific, regulatory and public health agency with 1jurisdiction encompassing the following:-human and animal drugs

-medical devices -2radiation- emitting productsEnforces the Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

States:-legalized extra-label drug use by vets is acceptable as long as certain 1parametersare meton non-food animals

-there must be a vet-client-patient relationship

-limited to 2circumstances when the health of the animal is threatened, suffering or death may result from failure to treat

-cannot be used in or on animal feed

Extralabel use

is when a veterinarian uses a drug in a manner which is not in accordance with the approved labeling; for example: the dosage, interval, route or species may differ

The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)

Is a 1subdivision of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Regulates the following:

-animal drugs

-animal feed

-2veterinary devices

Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

• Is a division of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

• 1Regulates veterinary biologics (vaccines, bacterins, diagnostic kits and other products of a biological origin)

• Ensures the veterinary 2biologics available for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of animal diseases are safe, pure, potent and effective

• Performs work through the Center of Veterinary Biologics (CVB)

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Is a 1division of the U.S. Department of Justice

Enforces the 2Controlled Substances Act of 1970

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

-Is a federal drug policy which regulates the manufacture and 1distributionof controlled substances

-Categorizes drugs into five "schedules" or classifications based on their potential for 2abuse, status in international treaties and medical benefits

Records of Controlled Drugs

Must be kept in records of orders, receipts, uses, discards and thefts of controlled substances for 1two years by a 2registered veterinarian and authorized handlers

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Requirements for veterinary hospital safety includes 1implementing or posting:

-job safety and health protection posters

-summaries of petitions for variances from standards or record keeping procedures

-copies of all OSHA citations for violations of standards

-summary of occupational injuries and illnesses and records

-appropriate warning or 2identification signs

Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)

• Protects the health and 1safety of the public and animals through the regulation of the practice of veterinary medicine

• Regulates in accordance with the state's veterinary 2practice act

The American Association of Veterinarian State Boards

• Identifies minimal 1standards required to enter the profession and remain in practice

• Establishes procedures for identifying and, when needed, sanctioning or removing incompetent or 2unethical practitioners

Professional Licensing

Laws are in place to protect the public

-it takes special 1knowledge and skills to practice the profession

-the public needs protection from incompetent or unethical practitioners

Is required in each state or province where a veterinarian practices

-many 2jurisdictionsrequire veterinary technicians be licensed as well

Board of Pharmacy

-Regulates 1whole sale and pharmacy distribution of veterinary drugs

-Regulates veterinarians which 2prescribe and distribute controlled substances

Veterinary Prescription Drugs

Are to be used or prescribed only within the 1context of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship

-must be properly labeled before dispensing

-dispensing and 2treatment records must be filed

-should be dispensed in quantities required for treatment; avoiding unlimited refills

Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)

Includes:the veterinarian: -has taken 1responsibility for the health of the patient and the client has agreed to follow the instructions provided

-has made a diagnosis and has kept up with the care of the patient with timely visits

-is available for follow-up evaluation or has arranged care and treatment

-provides 2oversight of treatment, compliance and out come

-maintains patient records

Record keeping includes:

1maintaining treatment records for at least two years providing a 2VCPRowners of food animals must also keep treatment records

Professional Liability Insurance

Is highly encouraged for veterinarians Provides:-coverage for non-veterinarian 1employees

-payment for legal defense fees and court costs

-qualified veterinarians reviewing every 2malpractice allegation

-consent to settle clause no claim will be settled without a veterinarians written consent protects reputation and unneeded lawsuits

Trends in Veterinary Medicine

Include:increased use of technology non-traditional 1treatment methods2 cat-friendly practices

Increased Use of Technology

Includes:veterinarians adapting to new technology and getting information in new, innovative ways for example: using Dropbox and e-mail to send photos and 1radiographs to clients text messaging clients with 2appointment reminders using social media to promote their business Non-traditional Treatment Methods

1preventative dental care

chiropractic

acupuncture

herbal remedies, natural supplements, minerals and vitamins

2hip replacements

blood transfusions

cancer treatment

Vet Voice: Job growth for veterinarian is expected to increase 27.6 percent by 2016

Cat Friendly Practices

Are the 1keyto veterinary job growth

cats represent 80 percent 2clinicalgrowth potential

are 13 percent more prominent than dogs

visit veterinarians 30 percent less