Applied Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Chemistry, and Engineering Fundamentals

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the lecture transcript covering geometry, mechanics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, chemistry, material properties, corrosion, and plant schematic drawings.

Common Logarithm

A system of logarithms that uses $10$ as its base number.

Trigonometry

The branch of mathematics defined as the study of triangle measurement.

Complementary Angles

Angles whose sum equals $90^{\circ}$ (e.g., $75^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$).

Obtuse Angle

An angle measuring greater than $90^{\circ}$ but less than $180^{\circ}$ (e.g., $98^{\circ}$ or $135^{\circ}$).

Acute Angle

An angle measuring less than $90^{\circ}$ (e.g., $45^{\circ}$).

Radian

The angle formed between two radii when the length of the arc formed by the angle equals the length of the radius.

Reflex Angle

An angle that has a measurement greater than $180^{\circ}$.

Theorem of Pythagoras

Mathematical theorem stating that in a right-angle triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides ($c^2 = a^2 + b^2$).

Plane Figure

A flat diagram or figure showing length and width with no thickness.

Trapezium

A four-sided plane figure having four sides with no two sides that are parallel.

Trapezoid

A four-sided plane figure that has two opposite sides parallel and the other two sides not parallel.

Rhomboid

A four-sided plane figure having opposite sides parallel and only opposite angles equal.

Rhombus

A plane figure and rhomboid having four sides of equal length, with opposite sides parallel and equal, and opposite angles equal.

Quadrilateral

Any four-sided plane figure having straight lines as sides.

Polygon

A plane figure bounded by any number of straight lines.

Sector of a Circle

A part of a circle bounded by two radius lines and a portion of the circumference called an arc.

Vector

A quantity that is a quantitative measure and requires a directional indication.

Scalar

A quantity that is a quantitative measure only.

Resultant

A single vector that can replace a system of several vectors while producing the exact same physical effect.

Equilibrant

A force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant force.

Displacement

A vector quantity referring to the change in position of a body relative to a reference point.

Acceleration

A body's rate of change of velocity over time.

Work

The result of a force moving through a distance.

Kinetic Energy

The energy that a body acquires when it is in motion.

Stress

The internal resistance to an external force applied to a body, usually expressed in kilopascals ($\text{kPa}$).

Strain

The amount of deformation per unit length compared to the original size of a body.

Hooke's Law

Principle stating that the stress in an elastic body is directly proportional to the strain if the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded.

Young's Modulus

Also known as the modulus of elasticity ($E$), defined as the ratio of increment of stress to increment of strain ($E = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}$).

Ultimate Strength

The maximum stress produced during fracture of a material, calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross-sectional area.

Factor of Safety

A unitless ratio calculated by dividing the ultimate strength of a material by its safe working stress.

Yield Point

The point where the elastic limit is reached and a material undergoes large plastic deformation at constant stress.

Moment of a Force

The turning effect of a force about a given point, equal to force multiplied by perpendicular distance to the pivot.

Actual Mechanical Advantage

The ratio of the output force produced by a machine to the input force applied.

Velocity Ratio

The ideal mechanical advantage, calculated as the distance effort moves divided by the distance load moves.

Mass Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance, commonly called density, with units of $\text{kg/m}^3$.

Relative Density

The density of a substance compared to the density of water at standard conditions.

Temperature

A measure of the speed of vibration of a body's molecules and its internal energy level.

Specific Heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{kg}$ of a substance by $1\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Sublimation

The process when a solid changes directly into a gaseous state.

Latent Heat of Evaporation

The heat required to change a unit mass of liquid into the vapor phase without a change in temperature or pressure.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

The change in length per unit length per degree rise in temperature.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Law stating that heat will flow unaided from a hot substance to a colder one, but cannot flow from a cold substance to a hotter one without mechanical work.

Conduction

The mode of heat transfer that takes place directly from molecule to molecule within a substance.

Convection

Heat transfer involving the physical movement of a fluid.

Radiation

Heat transfer via the transmission of electromagnetic energy waves through space or a vacuum.

Dry Saturated Steam

Steam at its boiling point containing no liquid water particles.

Superheated Steam

Steam at a given pressure whose temperature is above the saturation temperature.

Dryness Fraction

The percentage or fraction by weight of dry steam in a wet steam mixture.

Equivalent Evaporation

The mass of water evaporated in one hour from feedwater at $100\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ into dry saturated steam at $100\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ by the heat required under actual boiler conditions.

Factor of Evaporation

The ratio of the equivalent evaporation of a boiler to the actual steam flow rate.

Boyle's Law

Law stating that for a perfect gas at constant temperature, absolute volume is inversely proportional to absolute pressure ($P_1 V_1 = P_2 V_2$).

Charles' Law

Law stating that if the volume of a confined gas is constant, absolute pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature.

General Gas Law

A combination of Boyle's and Charles' laws used when pressure, volume, and temperature change simultaneously ($\frac{P V}{T} = \text{constant}$).

Adiabatic Process

A thermodynamic expansion or compression process that occurs without heat transfer to or from the gas.

Isothermal Process

A process that occurs at constant temperature with no temperature increase or decrease.

Element

Any substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances or ingredients by chemical means.

Compound

A pure substance composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions.

Mixture

Any substance consisting of distinct elements or compounds not chemically combined, each retaining its individual chemical properties.

Kilomole

The quantity of a substance that has a mass in kilograms equal to its molecular mass.

Acid

A compound that yields an excess of $\text{H}^+$ ions in solution, tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and conducts electricity.

Base

A compound (alkali) that yields an excess of $\text{OH}^-$ ions in solution, feels soapy, neutralizes acids, and conducts electricity.

Covalent Bonding

Chemical bonding formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Ionic Bonding

Chemical bonding formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Corrosion

The destruction of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.

Plasticity

The property of a material allowing it to remain permanently deformed after the deforming force is removed.

Elasticity

The property of a body that allows it to return to its original shape after being deformed.

Malleability

The property of a material enabling it to be rolled or shaped without breaking.

Hardness

The mechanical property of a material enabling it to resist wear, abrasion, cutting, and penetration.

Brittleness

The property of a material causing it to break suddenly without significant deformation before fracture.

Toughness

The mechanical property enabling a material to stand up under a sudden impact or high loads without rupturing.

Ductility

The property enabling a material to be deformed under tension or stretched without rupture.

Case Hardening

A process where a material's surface condition is treated so it is capable of resisting wear, abrasion, cutting, and indentation.

Pig Iron

Molten iron produced in a blast furnace by reducing iron oxides, used to produce cast iron, wrought iron, and steel.

Carbon Steel

An alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content is below $1\%$.

Corrosion Inhibitor

A substance that retards corrosion when added in specific concentrations to an environment.

Corrosion Coupons

Pieces of metal inserted into a system to evaluate the corrosiveness of the system.

P&ID

Process and Instrumentation Diagram; a detailed mechanical drawing showing plant equipment, process lines, control locations, and instrumentation.

Plot Plan

A mechanical drawing used to locate equipment on the plant site and within its process block.