Pathology Chapter 13 Oral Cavity and GI tract

Aphthous ulcer affects _______ mucosa

detached

HSV-1 vs HSV-2

Which cause most orofacial infections?

Which cause more genital herpes?

HSV-1

HSV-2

Primary vs Recurrent HSV infections

Primary: In children usually asymptomatic, symptomatic are (acute herpetic gingivostomatitis)

Recurrent: Cold sores

Causes of oral candidiasis

Immunosuppression and Broad spectrum antibiotics

What 2 lesions are the precursour to squamous cell carcinoma

Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia

Which HPV subtype is high risk in squamous cancer of the oropharynx?

HPV type 16

Carcinogen assoicated cancer are common at _______ surface of tongue

HPV-associated cancers arise in the tonsil or _______ of tongue

Ventral (underside)

Back

The most common viral sialadenitis is ______, a paramyxovirus infection that predominantly involves the parotid glands.

mumps

What is the most common inflammatory lesion of salivary glands

Mucocele

Likelyhood of tumor in salivary gland

Size of gland compared to maliganncy

Parotid is most likely, submandibular next

Smaller gland more cancerous

________ adenoma is a benign tumor that consists of a mixture of ductal (epithelial) and myoepithelial cells and often exhibits both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation.

________ carcinoma is composed of variable mixtures of squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and intermediate cells.

Pleomorphic

Mucoepidermoid

Esophageal Atresia and Fistulas

Atresia: Segment of esophagus replaced by noncalized cord

Fistula: Connection between esophagus and trachea (lead to aspiration or pneumonia)

Esophageal Achalasia

Incomplete relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis

Esophageal Varices

Disease impede portal blood flow (liver) causes liver cirrhosis

Dilated veins caused by portal hypertension

Mallory-Weiss Tears of Esophagus

Longitudinal tears caused by severe vomiting or retchingf

Mucosal protection to acid is afforded by ______ and ______ secreted from submucosal glands in the proximal and distal esophagus.

mucin, bicarbonate

Barrett esophagus is a complication of chronic GERD that is characterized by intestinal _______ of the esophageal mucosa and an increased risk for development of adenocarcinoma.

Metaplasia

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

Triad of symptoms that may lead to squamous cell carcinoma

Iron deficiency anemia

Dysphagia

Esophageal webs

H pylori

Flagella

Urease

Adhesins

Toxins

Flagella: Move

Urease: Generates ammonia to elevate pH

Adhesin: Adherence to foveolar cells

Toxins

Chronic Gastritis vs Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic Ulcer more severe

Most common cause of CG: H. pylori and Autoimmune then NSAID

Peptic Ulcer: H. pylori and NSAID

_________ is the most common malignancy of the stomach, accounting for more than 90% of all gastric cancers.

Adenocarcinoma

Caused by H. pylor and EBV

______ is one of the most common causes of bloody diarrhea (dysentery).

Shigella

_______ is most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea and diarrhea-related deaths worldwide

Rotavirus

Sigmoid diverticula

Pouches that form in the sigmoid colon due to increased pressure, often leading to diverticulitis.

Not true diverticula (not all wall affected)

Appendix is true diverticulum of cecum

Intussusception 

Telescoping of bowel