AMT 114

means more air molecules are packed into a given volume, increasing density

higher atmospheric pressure

means fewer molecules, so the density is lower

lower atmospheric pressure

the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye

water vapor

expresses the attribute of hotness or coldeness

temperature

temperature is measured with a _______

thermometer

it reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance

temperature

as _____ increases, air pressure decreases, and temperature generally decreases as well

altitude

an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

law of inertia/first law

the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

law of force and acceleration/second law

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. this means that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal force back on the first object in the opposite direction.

law of action-reaction/third law

is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed, and height.

bernoulli's principle

can also be derived directly from Isaac Newtons 2nd law of motion.

bernoulli's principle

when a fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, there is more pressure from behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline.

bernoullis principle

this is the upward force that opposes gravity, generated by the wings as the aircraft moves through the air.

lift

this is the downward force due to gravity, acting on the entire aircraft, including its structure, passengers, and cargo.

weight

this is the forward force that propels the aircraft, typically generated by the engines.

thrust

this is the backward force that resists the aircraft’s motion through the air, caused by air resistance and friction.

drag

forces acting on an aircraft

1. lift

2. weight

3. thrust

4. drag

is the point over which the aircraft would balance

center of gravity

the center of gravity affects the _______ of an aircraft

stability

is removable or permanently installed weight in an aircraft used to bring the center of gravity into the allowable range.

ballast

is the layer of gases that surrounds a planet, held in place by gravity.

atmosphere

the atmosphere is primarily composed of _____ (78%), and _____ (21%), with trace amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

nitrogen
oxygen

a region of charged particles, overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

ionosphere

this is the lowest layer, extending from the earth’s surface to an altitude of about 7-17 km.

troposphere

it contains most of the atmosphere’s mass and is where weather phenomena occur

troposphere

located above the troposphere, extends to about 50 km

stratosphere

____ absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, is found in the ______

ozone layer
stratosphere

is characterized by a decrease in temperature with altitude, reaching the coldest temperatures in the atmosphere.

mesosphere

this is where meteors burn up

mesosphere

temperatures increase dramatically with altitude due to the absorption of high energy solar radiation

thermosphere

the ISS orbits within the ______

thermosphere

this layer is important for radio wave propagation

thermosphere

this is the outer most layer, gradually merging with space.

exosphere

extremely low density and extends to several thousand kilometers

exosphere

earths atmospheres

1. troposphere

2. stratosphere

3. mesosphere

4. thermosphere

5. exosphere

• are the clouds you learned to draw at an early age.

• the symbol of all clouds

cumulus

their tops are rounded, puffy, and a brilliant white when sunlit, while their bottoms are flat and relatively dark.

cumulus

when the sun heats the ground directly below

diurnal convection

develop on clear sunny days

cumulus

hang low in the sky as a flat, featureless, uniform layer of grayish cloud.

stratus

are seen on dreary, overcast days and are associated with light mist or drizzle

stratus

these are low, puffy, and grayish or whitish clouds that occur in patches with blue sky visible in between

stratocumulus

seen mostly on cloudy days

stratocumulus

are the most common clouds in the middle atmosphere

altocumulus

are often spotted on warm and humid mornings, especially during summer

altocumulus

they cover the sky in a dark gray layer

nimbostratus

are the quintessential rain cloud. youll see them whenever steady rain or snow is falling over a widespread area

nimbostratus

appear as gray or bluish-gray sheets of cloud that partially or totally cover the sky at mid-levels

altostratus

tend to form ahead of a warm or occluded front

altostratus

latin for “curl of hair”

cirrus

are thin, white, wispy strands of clouds that streak across the sky.

cirrus

typically occur in fair weather

cirrus

are small, white patches of clouds often arranged in rows that live at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals.

cirrocumulus

the individual cloud mounds of cirrocumulus are much smaller than that of altocumulus and stratocumulus and often look like grains

cloudlets

are rare and relatively short lived but youll see them in winter or when its cold but fair

cirrocumulus

are transparent whitish clouds that veil or cover nearly the entire sky.

cirrostratus

is formed by the refraction of the lights on the ice crystals in the clouds, similar to how sundogs form

halo

indicate that a large amount of moisture is present in the upper atmosphere

cirrostratus

are one of the few clouds that span the low, middle, and high layers

cumulonimbus

are thunderstorm clouds, so if you see one you can be sure there’s a nearby threat of severe weather.

cumulonimbus

ten main clouds

1. cirrus

2. cirrostratus

3. cirrocumulus

4. altostratus

5. altocumulus

6. nimbostratus

7. stratocumulus

8. cumulus

9. stratus

10. cumulonimbus

air properties

1. atmospheric pressure

2. temperature

3. density

4. humidity