AP Bio - Cellular Respiration (Unit 7)

What is cellular respiration in general terms?

Releasing of the energy from glucose/sugar of C-H bonds in small steps

Why shouldn't we release all the energy from glucose all at once by transferring electrons directly to oxygen?

So much heat would be released that we would explode/denature all of our proteins

Why CAN'T we release all the energy from glucose all at once by transferring electrons directly to oxygen?

Each glucose molecule is too big, so we need smaller packets of energy

There is no way to convert glucose to ______ energy, so we need to ____ the proteins using ____.

Mechanical, phosphorylate, ATP

f

The structure of ATP contains....

Nitrogenous based Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates, hence the name adenosine triphosphate

How exactly is ATP used to do work/release energy?

An enzyme cleaves off the last phosphate group and attaches it to another molecule/protein, causing a shape change like motor proteins

Oxidative phosphorylation is phosphorylating ____ as the result of the _______ in the ______ ___ __(aka _______). The electron source comes from the ____.

ADP, ETC, inner mitochondrial membrane, chemiosmosis, glucose

Substrate level phosphorylation is the ____ transfer of ___ onto another molecule, usually ____ and takes place in the ____. The electron source comes from ____ and electrons excited by ___.

enzymatic, phosphate, ADP, chloroplast, H2O/water, photons

Which type of phosphorylation generates more ATP?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions (glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC) all aimed at doing what? Why?

Taking apart the sugar bit by bit to extract energy from the hydrogens and their high E e-

At the end of _____, none of the ____ remains. What happens to the remaining electrons and protons after this?

Krebs cycle, glucose

They are passed to the ETC and the protons are used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis

Glycolysis occurs in the _____ and can be either ____ (with ___) or ______ (without ____) which is also called _____.

cytoplasm, aerobic, oxygen, anaerobic, oxygen, fermentation

Glycolysis (with or without __) begins with _______ and breaks it into _ ____ (_ carbons each). During this process, ____ are removed, reducing _____ to ____ and _ _____ are formed per glucose. Fermentation regenerates ____, allowing glycolysis to continue, but it only produces _ ATP per glucose, which is insufficient for long-term energy needs. Glycolysis ultimately converts _ into _ ____, _ ___, and _ ___ through ____ ___ ____.

oxygen, glucose, 2 pyruvate, 3, protons/hydrogen ions, NAD+, NADH, 2 NADH, NAD+, 2, glucose, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP, substrate level phosphorylation.

NADH is...

an electron carrier

After aerobic glycolysis, the next step is called the ___ ___ ___, which occurs in the ____ ____, converts _ ____ (_C each) into _ ____ (_C each). This occurs by removing ___ and ___ each pyruvate, transferring ___ to ___ to form ___. Since _ ____ are processed, _ ____ and _ __ are produced. Also, since ____ (_C each) isn't stable on it's own, it immediaetly binds to ___ ____, forming ___ ___.

pyruvate oxidation step, mitochondrial matrix, 2 pyruvate, 3, 2 acetate, 2, CO2, oxidizing, H+, NAD+, NADH, 2 pyruvates, 2 CO2, 2 NADH, acetate, 2, coenzyme A, acetyl CoA

The step after pyruvate oxidation step is the ___ __ which occurs in the ___ ____. First we take the _____ ___ from the previous step and stick it onto ___, forming a _ carbon molecule (____). Then the ___ and ___ are separated so that the ___ can be recycled. From each _____, _ ____ are removed. Then ____ is also oxidized _ times making _ NADH and _ FADH2 each.

krebs cycle, mitochondrial matrix, acetyl CoA, OAA, 6, citrate, OAA/Acetate, OAA, acetate, 2 CO2, acetate, 4, 3, 1

The step after the krebs cycle is the _ _ _, located in the ____ ____. The electron carriers (which are _____ and _____) that picked up electrons from previous steps pass their electrons to the first molecule of the ETC. With each successive pass to the next carrier, the ____ lose ____, which is then used to make ______ through _____ thanks to the protein ___ ___. The ____ and their ____, combine with ___, the last molecular carrier.

electron transport chain, inner membrane, NADH/FADH2, electrons, energy, ATP, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, hydrogens, electrons, oxygen

What exactly chemically causes the electrons to release their energy little by little as they are passed down the ETC?

Since each molecule is more electronegative (attracted to electrons) than the previous one, they are pulled closer and closer to the atomic nucleus, releasing energy little by little

Explain how protons and electrons work together to generate ATP in the ETC.

Protons are pumped across from the matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient (chemiosmosis) while electrons are the ones who provide the energy to do this pumping

Where exactly is the ATP made and where does the ATP need to be eventually?

In the matrix, needs to get out of the mitochondria and into cytoplasm for cellular processes

We know that if O2, which is highly enegative, grabbed electrons right off of carriers that we would pretty much explode. However, O2 is floating all across the matrix, so what's preventing O2 from gabbing the electrons before going through the ETC?

The transfer of electrons requires a specific enzyme, and so the enzyme that recognizes and oxidizes NADH ONLY transfers electrons to the FIRST protein complex. Specificity of shape differentiates this

In glycolysis, how many CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced respectively for one glucose molecule

0 2 2 0 2

In pyruvate oxidation step, how many CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced respectively for one glucose molecule

2 2 2 0 0

In krebs cycle, how many CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced respectively for one glucose molecule

4 8 6 2 2

In ETC, how many CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced respectively for one glucose molecule

0 0 0 0 34

When does fermentation occur

After anaerobic glycolysis

What is the specific thing that fermentation does and why?

Regenerates NAD+ from NADH so that it can be converted back into NADH and used for aerobic glycolysis potentially if oxygen is available

Overall equation for CR

C6H12O6+O2->CO2+H2O