BIOL 233 Week 2 Lecture Notes: Tissues and Integumentary System (Exam 1)

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Histology

Study of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

the four types of tissues are _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Epithelial

This type of tissue covers

Connective

This type of tissues supports. Most abundant in the body.

Muscle

The type of tissue allows movement

Nerve

This type of tissue controls. In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion/excretion, sensory perception

Functions of epithelial tissue

Polarity

One end is in a different shape than the other end

Apical

The side exposed to the exterior

Basal

The side attached to a surface. Contains adhesive surface

Specialized contacts, connective tissue support, avascular but innervated, regeneration

The four characteristics of epithelial tissue

Squamos

Flattened and scale-like cells

Cuboidal

Boxlike, round nucleus cells

Columnar

Tall, column shaped cells, elongated nucleus

Simple Epithelial

Single layer of cells that absorb, secrete, and filtrate.

Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells, on areas with rapid diffusion. Low protection. In kidneys, lungs, and serosae

Simple cuboidal

Single layer of cube shaped cells, secrete and absorb, gland ducts. In kidney tubules

Simple columnar

Single layer of tall cells, absorb and secrete mucus, enzymes, and more, conciliated. Found in gallbladder and digestive tract.

Stratified Epithelial

Multiple layers of cells, more durable, for protection

Stratified Squamous

Multiple layers of flat cells, handle wear and tear, keratinized in skin, nonkeratinizd in mouth, esophagus, and vagina.

Stratified Cuboidal

Usually two layers thick, in sweat and mammry glands.

Stratified columnar

For secretion and protection, very rare, in eye conjunction

Transitional

Multiple layers thick. Can flatten out from cuboidal/columnar to squamous. Stretches, in interior or urinary organs.

Psuedostratified columnar

Tall cells with varying lengths, mixture of stratified and simple, secretes substances, conciliated or ciliated.

Gland

One or more cells that secrete fluids with enzymes, molecules, or hormones

Endocrine

Ductless glands, secrete hormones that travel through blood or lymphatic system to target organs.

Exocrine

Glands with ducts, secrets onto body surfaces or cavities.

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

The four categories of connective tissue

Binding/support, protection, insulation, storing reserve fuel, transport

The major functions of connective tissue

Embryonic tissue

This type of connective tissue is the original tissue source.

Ground substance, fibers, cells

The three elements of connective tissue

Areolar connective

Loosely binds organs; holds tissue fluids. Contains cartilage, and ground substance. Most widely distributed, under epithelia, and packages organs.

Support, water retention, defends from infection, stores fat

Roles of areolar connective tissue

Adipose

Also called fat tissue; specialized tissue that stores lipids

White fat, brown fat

The two types of adipose tissue

White fat

This adipose tissue has nurtrient support, offers protection, insulation, and energy storage.

Adipocyte

Cell that stores fat

Brown fat

This adipose tissue decreases with age, and is thermogenic (releases heat)

Abdomen, breasts, around eyes and kidneys

Some locations of adipose tissue

Reticular connective

Forms the framework for organs like the liver or spleen; contains reticular cells, in lymphoid organs.

Dense regular connective

This connective tissue consists of bundles of parallel collagen fibers, resits pulling, few cells, poorly vascularized. Contains fibroblast cells. In tendons and ligaments.

Dense irregular connective

This connective tissue and tough, fibers are thick, irregularly arranged, resists tension from many directions. Contains fibroblast cells and collagen. Found in fibrous capsules of organs, joints, and dermis.

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Up to 80% water

Fibroblasts

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

Proteoglycans

Proteins with carbohydrates attached to them

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

The three types of cartilage

Hyaline

Most common type of cartilage. Protects and cushions, gelatinous ground substance. Contains collagen fibers and proteoglycans. On ends of bones

Elastic

This cartilage is supple, gives some support. Contains elastic fibers, collagen, and proetoglycans. In external ear and larynx

Fibrocartilage

This cartilage is very tough, some elasticity, and may replace damaged hyaline. Contains parallel collagen fibers and chondrocytes. Forms cushioning pads between vertebrae and in insertion points of tendons and ligaments.

Bones

Supports and protects organs, stores fat, synthesizes blood, contains cartilage and contains cartilage.

Blood

This tissue is for transport, full of red and white blood cells.

Erythrocytes

Another name for red blood cells

Leukocytes

Another name for white blood cells

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

The 3 types of muscle tissue

Skeletal

This muscle tissue is voluntary

Cardiac

This muscle tissue is in walls of the heart, involuntary

Smooth

This muscle tissue is found in walls of hollow organs other than the heart

Neurons

Generate nerve signals

Neuroglia

Support and insulate nerves

Skin, sub skin

Skin is divides into two parts

Epidermis, dermis

Makes up the skin

Hypodermis

Makes up the sub skin. Under the dermis, stores fat and anchors skin to the muscles below.

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin, or epithelial cells

Dermis

Inner layer of skin made or areolar connective tissue

4-5, cuboidal, keratinized cells

How many layers does epidermis have? What kind of cells are the bottom layers? What do the upper layers contain?

Stratum basale

Deepest layer of epidermis. Has a single row of stem cells. Contains melanocytes.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells

Stratum spinosum

"Prickly layer" made of layers of cuboidal cells. Contains lots of desmosomes and pro keratin.

Stratum granulosum

This layer of skin has flat cells and nuclei. Has protein filled granules, and makes keratin. Layers above this are dead.

Stratum Lucidum

A layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles. Transparent, made of dead cells

Stratum corneum

20-30 layers of dead acidic cells, water proof, repels environment agent, resists microbial growth. Cells constantly shed.

Reticular cells

These cells produce reticular fiber stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs