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colored
visible light is:
rubisco
enzyme that the Calvin cycle depends on to start
450-480 nm
wavelengths of light most absorbed by carotenoids
cytochrome b6
pumps H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane from low to high, using the energy of the electron transport chain
400 nm
blue light is at:
blue light
most energetic/shortest wavelength:
500 nm
green light
pigments
plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called:
chlorophyll
the main pigment in plants:
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
two main types of chlorophyll
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
absorb light in blue-violet and red regions
green
color leaves reflect:
carotene
red and orange pigments in plants
accessory pigments
other pigments hidden when there is an abundance of chlorophyll
lowering temperatures
what causes chlorophyll to break down so other pigments can be seen:
chloroplasts
the organelle photosynthesis takes place:
thylakoids
saclike photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts
grana
interconnected and arranged stacks of thylakoids
thylakoid membranes
where pigments are located
stroma
the fluid portion outside of the thylakoid
synthesis of other compounds
what the sugars used in photosynthesis can provide energy for:
absorbs energy from that light
light is a form of energy, so any compound that absorbs light also:
electrons
when chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred to:
energy level is raised
when electrons absorb light, their:
high energy electrons
what makes photosynthesis work
electron carrier
a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them and their energy to another molecule
highly reactive
the high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are:
NADP+
special carrier molecule
NADP+
accepts and holds two high-energy electrons
NADP+
along with a hydrogen ion, it is converted into NADPH
NADPH
can carry the high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell
light dependent reactions
require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments
light dependent reactions
use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH
light dependent reactions
take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
light independent reactions
ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high energy sugars from CO2
light independent reactions
no light is required
light independent reactions
take place in the stroma, outside the thylakoids
waxy cuticle
a waterproof coating that helps to minimize water loss from the leaf
palisade mesophyll
these cells are tightly packed and contain many chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis
guard cells
these change shape to open and close the stomata
guard cells
this controls water loss, which happens when water evaporates in the leaves and diffuses out
epidermis
the cells cover and protect the surface of the leaf
epidermis
they secret the waxy cuticle
epidermis
this layer is thin to allow light to penetrate it
spongy mesophyll
this tissue has many air spaces for gas exchange to take place easily
spongy mesophyll
it allows carbon dioxide to diffuse and oxygen to diffuse out
light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature
factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity
photosynthesis requires light energy to work. The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis
CO2 concentration
the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher the rate of photosynthesis. This can be achieved in greenhouses by pumping in extra carbon dioxide
temperature
as the temperature reaches the optimum temperature of the enzymes, the rate of photosynthesis increases. However, too far the optimum temperature causes the enzymes to denature, which decreases the rate of photosynthesis
enzymes
photosynthesis is a reaction that is catalyzed by:
red, blue
wavelengths of light chlorophyll a and b is best at absorbing
green
wavelength of light chlorophyll a and b are worst at absorbing
sugars
the light that chlorophyll absorbs is used for photosynthesis to produce:
evaporates
on hot or windy days, water _____ more quickly:
close
to prevent water loss, stomata’s:
no further gas exchange
plants cannot continue to photosynthesize when stomata’s close as there is:
6CO2 + 6H2O
reactants of photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
products of photosynthesis
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
organisms that can photosynthesize
algae
photosynthetic protists
autotroph
name given to photosynthetic organisms
roots
how water enters a plant:
stomata on leaves
how carbon dioxide enters a plant:
stomata
openings on the leaf surface that allows CO2 to enter and O2 and H2O vapor to escape
guard cells
regulates the opening and closing of the stomata
xylem
a tissue specialized to transport water from the roots to the leaves
phloem
specialized tissue that transports the glucose produce in the leaf throughout the plant
