Photosynthesis

colored

visible light is:

rubisco

enzyme that the Calvin cycle depends on to start

450-480 nm

wavelengths of light most absorbed by carotenoids

cytochrome b6

pumps H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane from low to high, using the energy of the electron transport chain

400 nm

blue light is at:

blue light

most energetic/shortest wavelength:

500 nm

green light

pigments

plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called:

chlorophyll

the main pigment in plants:

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

two main types of chlorophyll

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

absorb light in blue-violet and red regions

green

color leaves reflect:

carotene

red and orange pigments in plants

accessory pigments

other pigments hidden when there is an abundance of chlorophyll

lowering temperatures

what causes chlorophyll to break down so other pigments can be seen:

chloroplasts

the organelle photosynthesis takes place:

thylakoids

saclike photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts

grana

interconnected and arranged stacks of thylakoids

thylakoid membranes

where pigments are located

stroma

the fluid portion outside of the thylakoid

synthesis of other compounds

what the sugars used in photosynthesis can provide energy for:

absorbs energy from that light

light is a form of energy, so any compound that absorbs light also:

electrons

when chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred to:

energy level is raised

when electrons absorb light, their:

high energy electrons

what makes photosynthesis work

electron carrier

a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them and their energy to another molecule

highly reactive

the high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are:

NADP+

special carrier molecule

NADP+

accepts and holds two high-energy electrons

NADP+

along with a hydrogen ion, it is converted into NADPH

NADPH

can carry the high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell

light dependent reactions

require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments

light dependent reactions

use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH

light dependent reactions

take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high energy sugars from CO2

light independent reactions

no light is required

light independent reactions

take place in the stroma, outside the thylakoids

waxy cuticle

a waterproof coating that helps to minimize water loss from the leaf

palisade mesophyll

these cells are tightly packed and contain many chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis

guard cells

these change shape to open and close the stomata

guard cells

this controls water loss, which happens when water evaporates in the leaves and diffuses out

epidermis

the cells cover and protect the surface of the leaf

epidermis

they secret the waxy cuticle

epidermis

this layer is thin to allow light to penetrate it

spongy mesophyll

this tissue has many air spaces for gas exchange to take place easily

spongy mesophyll

it allows carbon dioxide to diffuse and oxygen to diffuse out

light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

light intensity

photosynthesis requires light energy to work. The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis

CO2 concentration

the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher the rate of photosynthesis. This can be achieved in greenhouses by pumping in extra carbon dioxide

temperature

as the temperature reaches the optimum temperature of the enzymes, the rate of photosynthesis increases. However, too far the optimum temperature causes the enzymes to denature, which decreases the rate of photosynthesis

enzymes

photosynthesis is a reaction that is catalyzed by:

red, blue

wavelengths of light chlorophyll a and b is best at absorbing

green

wavelength of light chlorophyll a and b are worst at absorbing

sugars

the light that chlorophyll absorbs is used for photosynthesis to produce:

evaporates

on hot or windy days, water _____ more quickly:

close

to prevent water loss, stomata’s:

no further gas exchange

plants cannot continue to photosynthesize when stomata’s close as there is:

6CO2 + 6H2O

reactants of photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6O2

products of photosynthesis

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

organisms that can photosynthesize

algae

photosynthetic protists

autotroph

name given to photosynthetic organisms

roots

how water enters a plant:

stomata on leaves

how carbon dioxide enters a plant:

stomata

openings on the leaf surface that allows CO2 to enter and O2 and H2O vapor to escape

guard cells

regulates the opening and closing of the stomata

xylem

a tissue specialized to transport water from the roots to the leaves

phloem

specialized tissue that transports the glucose produce in the leaf throughout the plant