Drugs deviance and social control final

Socialization

lifelong social experience by which humans develop their potential and learn culture 

environmental exposure

exposure to drug users and the drugs themselves 

Age of initial exposure

increased likelihood of acceptance early in life

Attitudinal change

changes in attitudes toward drug use are influential

Abuse

The habitual taking or misuse of addictive or illegal drugs

dependence

psychological and physical dependence to a drug 

Addiction

chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes comulsive drug seeking

Neurotransmitters

the brains chemical messengers 

Agnostic effects

interacts to produce some cellular response (Direct binding; indirect binding) 

Antagonistic effects

interacts and prevents/hinders a response (Direct acting; indirect acting) 

Drug Action

the outcome of the chemical interaction with the body’s neurochemical system

Drug effect

occurs after the drug action takes place; is the resulting human response or behavior 

ED/LD ratio

a measure of toxicity, the margin of safety (larger is more safe, smaller is more dangerous 

Purity

how much of a given substance that is the psychoactive substance is said to be 

Potency

the quantity of a drug taken to produce a given action (greater potency = greater effect) 

Drug mixing effects

Antagonistic (nullifying), Additive (Sum of each), Synergistic (multiplying effect) 

Routes of administration

method of ingestion, crucial because it influences the drug effect (smoking most effective, then intravenous) 

Toxicity

lethal dose, quantity of a given drug required to kill a specific population

Tolerance

Diminished effects resulting from repeated administration

Pharmacological tolerance

the effect on related neurons 

Cross tolerance

refers to the fact that the same principle of diminishing effects applies across similar drug types

Behavioral tolerance

reflects how an experienced user learns to compensate for drug effects 

Moral model

people use and abuse drugs because of the choice to (1800s-1900s) 

Medical/disease model

people abuse drugs because of some biologically caused condition 

Psychological model of disease

Drugs are a coping mechanism and addiction is driven by psychological stress 

Sociocultural model of disease

familial, peer, and cultural influences play a primary role in substance abuse; need to examine the addict in relation to their environment 

Biopsychosocial model

many factors, including biological, psychological, and sociological together can influence or cause addiction 

Social influence theories

Focus on the roles of significant others and draw from DAT (Social learning theory, labeling theories, subculutral learning theories) 

Social structural theories

focus on how elements of the organization of society act as and/or shape drug use behavior (Social disorganization theory, anomie theory, general strain theory, social bonding theory) 

Drug scheduling

Divides substances into categories based on their degree of abuse potential and their clinical usefulness (medical utility) 

3 eras of cocaine

First: harmonious use. Second: isolated, became popular, racial tensions. Crack cocaine era: widespread use of crack in 1985, super profitable

Crack

processed cocaine in crystal form that is smoked and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs

cocaine

powdered substance commonly administered through the nose

Hallucinogens

Pschedelics, from the Greek root meaning mind revealing. cause emotions to swing widly, cause real world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening

Dissociative drugs

alter perceptions of sight, sound, and connections with one’s surrounding

Depersonalization

The feeling of being unreal, disconnected from one’s self

Inhalants

Terms that encompasses a variety of substance taken for their psychoactive effects via inhalation. produce pleasurable effects via CNS depression

Cannabis/Marijuana

Generally, act as a depressant drug, slows the messages traveling between the brain and the body. Key intoxicating ingredient is THC

Subculture

Special population whose members share similar values and patterns of behaviors that differ from the larger population

How understanding subculture trends informs understanding of broader patterns

tells a more complete story, impacts overall trends, should consider in efforts to prevent and treat

Explanations for drug use among adolescents

lack coping skills, maintain poor self-images, social insecurity, closely linked to parent/family factors and dynamics

Primary prevention programs

Interpersonal factors, small group factors, systems level

Secondary prevention programs

Assessment strategies, early intervention, team approach, healthy alternatives, recovery role models

Tertiary prevention programs

Assessment and diagnosis, referral for treatment, case management, reentry

Harm reduction programs

non-judgmental resources, strategies to reduce consequences 

community based prevention programs

coordinated programs amongst multiple organizations 

school based drug prevention

programming based on targeted students 

school based prevention through law enforcement

prohibitionist philosophy, doesnt consider public health alternatives 

family based prevention programs

focus on parent-child interactions

individual based drug prevention and treatment

addresses biological, psychological, and social factors 

Education strategies

provide information and focus on shaping values, beliefs, and attitudes in an attempt to influence behavior 

Modalities of treatment

Detoxification, Abstinence-based harm reduction, short-term, long-term, residential, non-residential