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Prosocial behaviour is acts that…
are positively viewed by society
Prosocial behaviour is completely… and is intended to benefit others based on…
voluntary, society’s norms
There are two types of prosocial behaviour, these are…
helping behaviour and altruism
helping behaviour is defined as acts that
intentionally benefit someone else
altruism is defined as acts that
benefit others rather than the self
Two explanations for helping others are
biological/evolutionary reasons, social psychological reasons
As part of the biological reason for helping others, what is the difference between mutualism and kin selection?
mutualism involves prosocial behaviour that benefits both parties whereas kin selection involves prosocial behaviour directed towards blood relatives
As part of the social psychology reason for helping others is that societal norms play a key role in developing prosocial behaviour, what is the other factor for social reasoning?
Social learning in childhood, where children learn through instructions and reinforcement.
Latane et al’s study on the Bystander effect involved an emergency situation with either confederates intervening or not, what was the result?
very few people intervened in the presence of others, especially if others did not intervene either
Latane and Darley used their research to develop their Cognitive Model, what are the four steps to lead to helping behaviour?
attend to event, define event as emergency, assume responsibility, decide action
diffusion of responsibility is one reason for the bystander effect, what does this mean?
assuming others will take responsibility
audience inhibition is one reason for the bystander effect, what does this mean?
onlookers making an individual feel self-conscious about helping
social influence is one reason for the bystander effect, what does this mean?
others’ reactions to event determines own reaction
Piliavin et al’s Bystander Calculus Model involved 3 concepts, what are they? (PP, LA, ECOH)
physiological process, labelling arousal, evaluating consequences of helping
Philpot’s study contradicted evidence for the Bystander Effect because…
the study found that at least one bystander intervened in 90% of cases
Personality is one perceiver-centred determinant of helping, how so?
people with a higher norm of social responsibility were more likely to help
Mood is one perceiver-centred determinant of helping, how so?
individuals who feel good are more likely to help others
Competence is one perceiver-centred determinant of helping, how so?
feeling competent to deal with an emergency make helping behaviour more likely
Group membership is one recipient-centred determinant of prosocial behaviour, how so? (Levine et al study)
the social identity theory shows that when a person visibly belongs to a group, others of the same group are more likely to show helping behaviour
Responsibility for misfortune is one recipient-centred determinant of prosocial behaviour, how so?
people are more likely to help people who are not responsible for their misfortune
When receiving help, what can impact the acceptance of help?
if receiving help is interpreted as a negative thing, then a person may be less likely to accept it