Module2_Lecture_5_Respiration_I

Cellular respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that convert the energy in fuel molecules into __________.

ATP.

Glycolysis is the partial oxidation of glucose and results in the production of __________, as well as ATP and reduced electron carriers.

Pyruvate.

In the process of cellular respiration, pyruvate is oxidized to __________, connecting glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

Acetyl-CoA.

The __________ of the citric acid cycle results in the complete oxidation of fuel molecules and the generation of ATP and reduced electron carriers.

Citric acid cycle.

The __________ chain transfers electrons from electron carriers to oxygen, using the energy released to pump protons and synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Electron transport.

The majority of ATP is produced in __________ phosphorylation.

Oxidative.

Oxidation is the __________ of electrons, while reduction is the __________ of electrons.

Loss; gain.

The oxidized forms of electron carriers are __________ and __________, while the reduced forms are __________ and __________.

NAD+; FAD; NADH; FADH2.

The first stage of cellular respiration is __________, which occurs in the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis.

The citric acid cycle is also known as the __________ cycle.

Krebs.

The process that produces NADH and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle is the complete oxidation of __________.

Acetyl-CoA.

ATP synthase uses the electrochemical __________ gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Proton.

The total production from one turn of the citric acid cycle is __________ ATP, __________ NADH, and __________ FADH2.

1; 3; 1.

The __________ of the electron transport chain allows oxygen to be reduced to water, facilitating the flow of electrons.

Complex IV.

Acetyl-CoA is generated from pyruvate in the __________ matrix.

Mitochondrial.

The phosphorylation of glucose traps the molecule inside the cell and __________ it, making it ready for the next phase.

Destabilizes.

The reaction where ATP is produced through direct transfer of a phosphate group is known as __________-level phosphorylation.

Substrate.

The ΔG is often negative in spontaneous reactions, indicating that the process can occur __________ during cellular metabolism.

Spontaneously.

In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration can completely oxidize glucose to __________.

Carbon dioxide and water.