ANAPHY(2)

CYTOSOL

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm, colloid, viscous solution containing dissolved ions and molecules.

CYTOPLASM

Provides structure, transport, and support for organelles and molecules.

CYTOSOL

Site for metabolic reaction.

NUCLEOLUS

Dense region within the nucleus; lacks a surrounding membrane, large membrane-bound structure usually located near the center of the cell, may be spherical, elongated, or lobed.

RED BLOOD CELL

Lose their nuclei as they develop.

NUCLEUS

“Control center” of the cell, directs and regulates cellular activities.

NUCLEOLUS

Produces ribosomal RNA(rRNA); assembles ribosome components.

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus; Controls movement in and out of the cell.

NUCLEUPLASM

Gel-like substance inside the nucleus.

NUCLEAR PORES

Allow exchange of materials like RNA and proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm.

CHROMATIN

DNA+PROTEINS

RIBOSOMES

Site of protein synthesis, can be found either: free in the cytoplasm- synthesize proteins inside the cell and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum- produces integral membrane proteins and proteins that are secreted from the cell.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, consists of broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules.

CISTERNAE

Interior spaces of those sacs and tubules.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

It is the site where proteins are produced and modified.

SOFT ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

It manufactures lipids like phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. It also helps in detoxification, where enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and reduce their toxicity.

GOLGI APPARATUS

Composed of flattened, membranous sacs, containing cisternae, stacked on each other like dinner plates. It is also a “Packaging and distribution center”- modifies, packages, and distributed proteins and lipids manufactured by rER and sER.

FUNCTION OF GOLGI APPARATUS

Concentrates and in some cases modifies the proteins into glycoproteins or lipoproteins.

SECRETORY VESICLE

Store and transport substances and release them outside the cell through exocytosis.

LYSOSOMES

Membrane-bound vesicles that form at the GA, it contain hydrolytic enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

AUTOPHAGY

Digest organelles that are no longer functional.

PEROXISOMES

Break down fatty acids, and detoxifies hydrogen peroxide.

PROTEASOME

Degrades damaged, misfolded or unneeded proteins.

MITOCHONDRIA

Powerhouse of the cell, it is a small, rod-shaped structures.

ATP

Primary energy source of chemical reactions.

CENTROSOME

A specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, serves as the main microtubule-organizing center(MTOC).

CENTRIOLES

Small, cylindrical organelle made up of microtubules.

CILIA

Primarily involved in moving particles, fluids, mucus.

FLAGELLA

Locomotion of a single cell.

SPERM CELLS

The only human cells that possess flagella.

3 MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL

PLASMA MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS.

COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, GLYCOLIPIDS.

2 TYPES OF MEMBRANE PROTEIN

INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

MARKER, ATTACHMENT, TRANSPORT, RECEPTOR, ENZYME.

3 CHARACTERISTICS TRANSPORT PROTEINS

SSC

MOVEMENT THROUGH PLASMA MEMBRANE

PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FACILITATED DIFFUSION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT.

TONICITY

ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC, HYPERTONIC.

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS