Final Exam for BIO-100

A single set of un-paired chromosomes

Haploid

Sperm cells, egg cells, pollen grains, and spores are an example of…

Haploid Cells

Two complete sets of chromosomes

Diploid

Humans, animals, and plants are an example of…

Diploid Cells

An ordered series of growth, DNA replication, and division events that a cell goes through to form two new daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

90% to 95% of a cell’s life cycle. Can break down into three sub-phases.

G0 phase or Interphase

This is usually the longest individual sub-phase. The cell grows bigger, makes new proteins, and builds organelles.

G1 phase or Gap 1

The cell copies all of its DNA so each new cell will have the correct genetic code.

S phase or Synthesis

The cell does final checks and extra growth before it splits.

G2 phase or Gap 2

A process of cell division where a single parent cell copies its DNA and divides to make two identical new cells.

Mitosis

What is being copied and moved in both mitosis and meiosis?

DNA and Chromosomes

A specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.

Meiosis

The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The kinetochore breaks apart and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus re-forms and the cell divides.

The events of mitosis

The first official stage of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis.

Prophase

Prepares a somatic cell to split into two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis Prophase

In Prophase 1, homologous chromosomes pair up and perform “crossing over” (swapping genetic pieces) to create genetic diversity.

Meiosis Prophase 1 & 2

The second phase of mitosis occurring between prophase and metaphase.

Prometaphase

A stage during cell division where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Metaphase

The stage of cell division where replicated chromosomes split and are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate, ensuring each new daughter cell gets an identical set of chromosomes.

Mitosis Anaphase

Paired homologous (similar) chromosomes separate instead of sister chromatids.

Meiosis Anaphase 1

Sister chromatids separate in a way that mimics mitotic anaphase.

Meiosis Anaphase 2

The final phase of cell division in mitosis and meiosis where two new nuclear membranes form around the separated groups of chromosomes.

Telophase

The physical process of cell division where the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two separate daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

A control mechanism at the end of the G1 phase that decides if a cell is ready to copy its DNA and divide.

G1 Checkpoint

A control mechanism in the cell cycle that ensures a cell is ready to divide before it enters mitosis.

G2 Checkpoint

A critical quality control stage during cell division.

M Checkpoint

A normal, healthy gene that helps control how cells grow, divide, and stay alive.

Proto-oncogene

Mutated genes that can transform a normal cell into a cancer cell by promoting uncontrolled growth and division.

Oncogenes

Normal protective genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, and tell damaged cells to die.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A type of asexual reproduction where a single-called organism divides into two identical duaghter cells.

Binary Fission

A dynamic cellular structure made of microtubules that separates chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division.

Mitotic Spindle Apparatus

An evolutionary theory stating that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and change just to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species.

The Red Queen Hypothesis

The failure of paired chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

Nondisjunction

A mutation that creates an extra copy of a DNA segment, ranging from a small group of base pairs to an entire gene or chromoaomes.

Duplication

A type of mutation where a section of DNA or a piece of a chromosome is lost or left out during replication.

Deletion

Large-scale changes where pieces of a chromosome are broken, lost, copied, or attached in a new way.

Chromosome Structural Rearrangements

A type of mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off, rotates 180 degrees, and reattaches in the reverse orientation.

Chromosomal Inversion

The set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism, shaped by both its genetic code and its environment.

Phenotype

An organism’s complete set of genetic material or the specific combination of alleles (gene variants) it inherits at a particular location on its chromosomes.

Genotype