Chapter 5_Fundamentals of Phonetics

longer, shorter

Vowels sound are _____ before a voiced consonant and ______ before a voiceless consonant

sonorant consonants (sonorants)/resonant consonants (resonants)

a class of sounds produced with resonance throughout the entire vocal tract

-all sounds are voiced

- includes the nasals, glides, and liquids' which are produced with little constriction in the vocal tract and are therefore produced without much turbulence in the airstream coming from the larynx

-/m, n, ing/

obstruent consonants/non-resonant consonants

-a class of sounds (with a noise source) including the stops, fricative, and affricate

-produced with a constriction in the oral cavity that results in turbulence in the airstream coming from the larynx

prevocalic consonant

a consonant preceding a vowel

-ex: dog

postvocalic

a consonant following a vowel

-ex: dog

intervocalic

a consonant located between two vowels

-ex: doggy

syllabic consonant

a consonant that serves as the nucleus of a syllable

light, dark

Name 2 pronunciations of /l/:
1. _____ /l/: the tongue is in the alveolar area
2. _____ /l/: the tongue is bunched up against the soft pallet

manner of production

English _____ of ____ includes the way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract in production of consonants
-It goes down the side of the IPA chart

Stops

no air come out

place of articulation

-English _____ of ____ refers to the specific articulators used in the production of a particular phoneme
-the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in production of a consonant
-It goes across the top on the IPA chart

Palatal, Post Alveolar, Palatoalveolar, & Alveopalatal

-List 4 Terms for the hard palate
-/sh, zh (ashure), ch, dj, j (y), r (ra)/

voicing

the participation of the vocal folds during phoneme production; all vowels are, whereas only certain consonants are
-voiced (V), voiceless (VL)

intraoral pressure

the air pressure within the oral cavity, created by a constriction of the articulators during production of stop consonants
-build up of oral pressure
-ex: /p/

aspiration

the production of a frictional noise following the release of a voiceless stop consonant

stop gap

the time (in msec.) on a spectrogram that reflects increasing intraoral pressure prior to the release of a stop

voice bar

a low-frequency energy band as seen on a spectrogram (due to the vibrating vocal folds) that occurs during the stop gap phase of voiced stop consonants in non-initial position of words

nasal plosion

the release of a stop consonant through the nasal cavity, as opposed to the oral cavity
-ex: sudden

homorganic

-two consonants sharing the same place of articulation
-ex: phonebooth said quickly foambooth

nasal murmur

radiation of acoustic energy outward through the nasal cavity (due to a lowered velum) during production of nasal consonants

damping

the reduction in amplitude of energy (intensity) of a vibrating system

antiresonance

a negative resonance (brought about when the velum lowers during production of nasal sounds) that cause a decrease in the intensity of nasal and vowel formants

fricative

a consonant produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel formed by two separate articulators in the vocal tract

sibilant

the alveolar and palatal fricatives which are perceived as being louder than the other fricatives

non-silibant consonants

the fricatives perceived as being less intense when compared to the sibilant consonants

postalveolar/palatoalveolar

a consonant produced with a constriction formed by the tongue blade and the hard palate, slightly posterior to the constriction formed during production of alveolar consonants

approximant

a consonant, such as a glide or liquid, produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract, less than that associated with the obstruents or nasals but greater than that associated with the vowels

-w, j, l, r

bunched/retroflexed

one method of /r/ production in which the tongue apex is lowered as the tongue blade is raised to form one constriction with the palate, while the tongue root forms a second pharyngeal constriction

strident

-noisy
-all of the fricatives & affricates except /h/, /th/

Order to document sounds

Voice, Place, Manner
-ex: /f/ voiceless, Labiodental, fricative

consonant

a phoneme produced with a constriction in the vocal tract; usually found at the beginning and end of a syllable; generally shorter in duration and having higher frequency spectra than vowels

Vowels, Consonants

_____ sounds are longer and louder than ______ sounds.

Bilabial

-both lips
-/p, b, m, w/

Labiodental

-lips and teeth
-/f, v/

Interdental

- between teeth
- /θ/ (voiceless) /ð/ (voiced)

Alveolar

-Ridge behind the teeth
-/t, d, s, z, n, l/

Velar

-soft pallet
-/k, g, ing, w/

Gottal

-space through the vocal chords called glottis
-/?/ lack of sound (uh.oh)
-/h/

cognates

-phonemes that differ only in voicing
-voiced vs voiceless

stop

a ______ is a consonant characterized by:
1. a complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream by the articulators
2. a build-up of intraoral air pressure
3. a release

plosive

A stop is also referred to as a _____

nasal

air coming out the nose instead of the mouth

tap/flap

a manner of consonant production involving a rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge resulting in the creation of a ver brief phoneme

glottal stop

an allophonic variation of /t/ or /d/, produced when the release of the stop is at the level of the vocal folds instead of at the alveolar ridge

affricate

a consonant characterized as having both a fricative and a stop manner of production
-ch, dj

glide

a consonant characterized by a continued, gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel; also referred to as a semi-vowel
apprroximant
-w, j

liquid

a generic label used to classify two English approximant consonants
-l, r

rhotic

a term used for the /r/ sound

lateral

a manner of production in which the airstream is directed over the sides of the tongue
-/l/ is the only one

central

a manner of production in which the airstream comes down the center of the mouth