Biology 111 TAMU Fletcher Exam 1

What is Natural Science?

Science related to the physical world

Give two examples of natural science

chemistry

physics

astronomy

biology

What are the two types of natural science?

Physical Sciences

Life sciences

Define biology

The study of living organisms and life, and their interactions with one another.

What location is the study of biology restricted to?

Planet Earth

What is basic/pure science?

Science done to gain knowledge, regardless of application. There is no product or service.

Knowledge for the sake of knowledge.

What is applied science?

Science applied to real world problems. Research done to make a product or solve an issue.

What reasoning applies to discovery science?

Inductive reasoning

What reasoning applies to hypothesis based science?

Deductive reasoning

What is inductive reasoning?

Deriving generalizations based on a lots of specific observations. Those specific observations come together to form a theory.

Which reasoning is specific to general?

Inductive

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions

EMPHASIS ON PREDICITON

It makes a hypothesis.

What are the criteria for a hypothesis?

Must be testable, must be falsifiable, can not be proven, only refuted.

Which research (deductive or inductive) starts with a research question and collection of data which is used to generate a hypothesis and theory?

Inductive

Which research (deductive or inductive) starts with a hypothesis which leads to data collection and analysis?

Deductive

What are the steps to the scientific method?

Observe

hypothesis

experiment

collect data

analyze data

refine and repeat experiment

communicate results

How many variables should an experiment test at a time?

One

What are the criteria for a scientific theory?

Supported by a large body of evidence

broad

repeatedly tested and not failed

constantly being challenged, tested, and modified

What are the four theories of biology

Cell theory

gene theory

theory of heredity

theory of evolution

what are the four tenets of the cell theory

all living organisms are made of one or more cells

chemical reactions are necessary for life to take place within cells

all cells arise from pre existing cells

cells contain hereditary information in DNA

Nucleotide are considered? letters, words, sentences, chapters, the book?

letters

Codons are considered? letters, words, sentences, chapters, the book?

words

Genes are considered? letters, words, sentences, chapters, the book?

sentences

Chromosomes are considered? letters, words, sentences, chapters, the book?

chapters

Genomes are considered? letters, words, sentences, chapters, the book?

the book

What are genes composed of?

DNA

What are passed down from parent to offspring?

genes, located on chromosomes

What are alleles?

different versions of the same gene

What produces variations in a gene?

Mutations/crossing over

True or false? you can only pass on a trait that you posses.

false

What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck propose? and was it right or wrong?

If an organism changes during life to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. It was wrong.

What is an example of Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory?

A giraffe stretching its neck each generation to slowly make it longer.

How was Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory disproven?

Cutting tails off 22 generations of mice. Each offspring was born with a tail.

Are beliefs, opinions, and the supernatural considered science?

Yes. they cannot be falsifiable.

What is evolution?

Change over time. Such changes can lead to new species.

Who are the two people credited for evolution theory?

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin

What are the two main ideas of Darwin's Theory?

Descent with modification (aka evolution)

natural selection

Who said that "all species must produce more offspring than the environment can support, meaning many offspring die before maturity?"

Darwin

Populations with varied inherited traits leads to elimination of individuals with certain traits and the reproduction of survivors which leads to:

increased frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.

Choose the correct statement:

A) sterile individuals can be part of the evolutionary loop

B) individuals do not evolve, populations evolve

B

What is taxonomy?

The science of naming and classifying organisms

Order the following correctly smallest to biggest

Genus

Family

Class

species

order

domain

kingdom

phylum

species-genus-family-order-class-phylum-kingdom-domain

What is the pneumonic for taxonomy?

King Phillip cried out for goodness sake

Killing people can only frighten good souls

What is phylogeny?

The evolutionary history and relationship of an organism /group of organisms.

What are the three types of domains?

Eukarya, bacteria, archaea

What does all life share?

DNA/mRNA/tRNA

Genetic code

Gene expression

Molecular building blocks

Ribosomes

What is the order of life?

atom

molecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

population

community

ecosystem

biosphere

What is the subunit of life

cell

What are the key functions for organisms?

Respond to environment stimuli

process nutrients

regulation/homeostasis

growth/development

reproduction

order

evolution and adaptation

What chromosome structure do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have respectively?

Circular, linear

Linear allows for loooooooooooooooong

lineear is liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinear

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have organelles?

No, yes

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduce?

Respectively: binary fission, mitosis/meiosis

Which is bigger? prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

Which is older? prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

Which has more diversity? Prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

Which has a plasma membrane? Prokaryotes of eukaryotes?

Both

Archaea and Bacteria have ___ numbers and ___ diversity

High

Low

Eukaryotes have ___ numbers and ___ diversity

Low

High

True or false? Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own chromosomes.

True

True or False? Chloroplasts and mitochondria have 1 of their own membrane.

False. They have TWO of their own membranes.

How do chloroplasts and mitochondria reproduce?

Binary Fission

What is a planimal?

Animal that has captured enough organelles and genes from algae that it produces energy through photosynthesis.

What is endosymbiotic origin?

Prokaryotes that made oxygen were engulfed by eukaryotes and the prokaryotes turned into the eukaryotes oxygen slaves UwU lmao.

A null hypothesis states that:

the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable

True or false? All cells have a nucleus

false

What is the smallest unit of matter?

atom

What four elements make up 96% of living matter?

Oxygen

Carbon

hydrogen (think of water)

nitrogen (think of plants needed nitrogen in the soil)

What are trace elements?

Elements necessary for life in small amounts

Iron deficiency leads to

anemia

Iron excess leads to

thick, slow flowing blood

Most of the biologically important elements are in the first ___ rows of the periodic table

3

Isotopes have a different number of ____

neutrons

Radioactive isotopes give off

particles and energy

Chemical behavior of an atom is determined by its _____

electron configuration/distribution

True or False? If the valence shell is complete the atom is unreactive/stable

True

Chemical reactions are changes in :

the distribution of electrons between atoms

What is a molecule?

A substance that consists of 2 or more elements/atoms

What is a compound?

A substance containing 2 or more DIFFERENT elements

A molecular formula indicates:

The number and types of atoms in a molecule

A structural formula has a line to represent:

each pair of shared electrons

What is a chemical bond?

The attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules.

What makes an atom reactive?

Having unpaired electrons/trying to fill their valence shells.

True or False? In a covalent bond, one atom gives the other atom one of its electrons to fill its valence shell

False, they share a pair of valence electrons

What is electronegativity?

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

The more electronegative an atom is, the more it (A) pulls electrons towards itself or (B) pushes itself from electrons

(A)

What are the 3 most electronegative atoms?

oxygen, fluorine, chlorine

Electronegativity increases as you move

up and to the right on the periodic table

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

polar and nonpolar

In non polar bonds, the atoms have _____ electronegativities

similar

In polar bonds, the atoms have _____ electronegativities

different

In non polar bonds, electrons are shared (A) equally or (B) unequally

(A)

In polar bonds, electrons are shared (A) equally or (B) unequally

(B)

What is an ionic bond?

two atoms bond when one atom transfers and electron to another Atom

What are ions?

Atoms with a charge by losing or gaining an electron

A negatively charged ion is a :

anion

A positively charged ion is a :

cation

Weak bonds are important because

They allow for easily reversible interactions