BIO1103 UNITS 1-3 (NO NUCLETIC ACID, ATP, AND PROTEIN FUNCTIONS)

cation

the positively charged ion in an ionic bond

anion

the negative charged ion in an ionic bond

ion formation

the change in electrical charge of an element that comes from the gain/loss of electrons

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged atoms due to the give/loss of electrons

molecule

2+ atoms from the same element bound together

compound

2+ atoms from different elements bound together

Inorganic Molecule

sometimes have carbon, smaller

organic molecule

always have carbon, larger

element

a substance that cannot be broken down chemically

atom

smallest unit of measurement of an element

valence shell

the most important and outermost electron shell

how many electrons can the first shell hold

2

how many electrons can be held on shells subsequent of the first

8

valence electrons

electrons on the valence shell

How do atoms stay non reactive

complete valence shell

isotopes

reactive atoms with a variance in # of neutrons

Valence electrons of hydrogen

1

valence electrons of oxygen

2

valence electrons in nitrogen

3

valence electrons in carbon

4

Covalent bond

A bond where electrons are shared

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons, one has stronger pull

non polar covalent bond

equal pull between shared electrons

What Bond Holds a singular water molecule together

Polar Covalent Bond

Bond that holds multiple water molecules together

hydrogen bonds

How does Water Work as a HEAT SINK

aids in temperature regulation

How does Water work as a lubricant/cushion

Tears, Saliva, synovial fluid, protects some organs

How does water work as a solvent and reactively

it’s polarity allows it to be used in biochemical reactions

dehydration synthesis

bond formation between monomers with the loss of a water molecule

Hydrolysis

The breaking of bonds by adding a water molecule

Hydrophillic

affinity for water, things dissolve

Hydrophobic

No affinity for water, doesnt dissolve

Ampiphatic

Combines properties from hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Organic Compounds

Carbon Atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen and oxygen

Macromolecules

large biological structures made of thousands of atoms

What do monosaccharides build into

Carbohydrates

What do Amino Acids Build

Proteins

What do nucleotides build

nucleic acid

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded through dehydration synthesis or glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharide

polymers of monosaccharides

Lipids (HLN)

(H)ydrophobic, (L)arge Biological Structure, (N)on-polar Hydrocarbons

UnSaturated Fatty Acids (LOB)

(L)iquid at room temp, (O)ne or more double carbon bond, (B)ent Molecule

Saturated Fatty Acids (NSS)

(N)o Double Carbon Bonds, (S)olid at room temp, (S)traight Molecule

Steriods

Considered a Hormone, aids in digestion, bone growth, and fluidity of the cell membrane

Triglycerides (ICE)

glycerol back bone with 3 carbon attatched to 3 fatty acids, (I)nsulation, (C)ushion, (E)nergy storage

Polypeptides

unbranched polymers built into amino acid monomers, large in size

How many amino acids are in the human body

20

How are protein structures determined

amino acid sequence

Whats involved in the Primary Structure

amino acid sequence

What is involved in Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonding between essential, consistent atoms

Whats involved in Tertiary Structure

determined by R Chain interaction

What happens in Quarternary Structure

The linking of 2+ polypeptides

Phospholipids

Arranged in a bilayer with hydrophillic polar head and a hydrophobic non polar tail