Colonialism and Imperialism: The Age of Exploration

This set of flashcards covers the historical context, key figures, navigational tools, and concepts of colonialism and imperialism during the Age of Exploration.

When did the Period of Exploration begin and why?

It began in the $15^{th}$ century when Europeans sought new trade routes to Asia because the Ottoman Turks captured the old routes.

Which group of people were the only ones initially allowed to trade with Asia before new routes were found?

Italian merchants.

What is the specific name of the 'Spice Islands' that Europeans aimed to reach?

Moluccas (also known as Maluku).

According to the Northern Route, what was the final destination city after crossing the Caspian Sea and Black Sea?

Constantinople.

Which trade route involved traveling from India through the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea to Cairo or Alexandria?

Southern Route.

List the five primary spices mentioned as being found in the Moluccas.

Nutmeg, Cloves, Cinnamon, Pepper, and Mace.

Identify four uses of spices during the Age of Exploration.

Cooking, Preserving meat, Medicine, Perfume, and Cosmetics.

What tool was used to measure latitude during navigation?

Astrolabe.

Which navigational tool was used to measure the angle of the stars and the horizon?

Cross-staff.

What was the name of the fast and sturdy ship developed for exploration?

Caravel.

On what date did Ferdinand Magellan's expedition begin?

September 20, $1519$.

When did the Spanish arrive in the Philippines under Magellan's command?

March 16, $1521$.

Who killed Ferdinand Magellan during the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521?

Lapulapu.

Who successfully completed the first circumnavigation of the world by returning to Spain in September 1522?

Juan Sebastian Elcano.

What was the name of the ship that successfully returned to Spain after the Magellan expedition?

Victoria.

How many original crew members survived and returned from the Magellan-Elcano expedition?

$18$ out of $245$ original members.

What are the 'Three G's' that summarize the motives for exploration and colonialism?

Gold (Wealth/Resources), Glory (Power/Honor), and God (Spread of Christianity).

Describe the concept of 'Economic Imperialism'.

A system where foreign companies control the economy of a territory.

What is the difference between 'Direct Control' and 'Indirect Control' in colonial management?

Direct Control (Tuwiran) involves foreign officials managing the government directly, while Indirect Control (Di-tuwiran) keeps local leaders but limits their power, leaving final decisions to the colonizer.

Define 'Concession' as a type of imperialist control.

Exclusive use of natural resources or territory granted to the colonizing power.