Nitrogen

Why is nitrogen gas(N2) unreactive?

High bond energy of the N≡N triple bond.

What is ammonia molecular shape?

Triangular pyramidal

How does ammonia act a base?

Accepts H⁺ to form NH₄⁺.

Write The Haber process equation

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)

Lab production of NH₃ from NH₄Cl and Ca(OH)₂?

2NH₄Cl(s) + Ca(OH)₂(s) → CaCl₂(s) + 2H₂O(l) + 2NH₃(g)

How to test for NH₄⁺ ions?

Heat with NaOH → NH₃ turns damp red litmus blue.

Name a natural source of NOₓ.

Lightning strikes.

Name a human-made NOₓ source.

Car exhausts.

What acids form acid rain?

H₂SO₄ (from SO₂) and HNO₃ (from NOₓ).

Why is PAN harmful?

Causes lung/eye irritation and plant damage.

How does NO₂ form HNO₃? (Equation)

2NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ + HNO₂

What are the conditions that cause photochemical smog?

NOₓ + VOCs + sunlight.

How does NOₓ catalyze SO₂ oxidation? (Equation)

SO₂ + NO₂ → SO₃ + NO; SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄

How do acid rain and smog differ?

Acid rain: SO₂/NOₓ → H₂SO₄/HNO₃

Smog: NOₓ/VOCs/sunlight → O₃/PAN

What reaction reduces NOₓ in catalytic converters?

2NO + 2CO → N₂ + 2CO₂

Why is PAN a secondary pollutant?

Forms indirectly from NOₓ + VOCs + sunlight.