HED 335 - Quizlet Questions & Answers

Flashcards for HED 335 covering drug categories, models of addiction, biological and sociological theories, drug regulation laws, and pharmacodynamics.

What do stimulants do to the central nervous system (CNS)?

Stimulants increase CNS alertness and excitation.

What effects can stimulants have on energy, pulse, and blood pressure?

Stimulants can increase energy, pulse, and blood pressure.

What are examples of stimulants?

Amphetamines, cocaine/crack, methamphetamine, methylphenidate (Ritalin), caffeine, and nicotine.

What do hallucinogens/psychedelics do?

They intensely alter perception, thoughts, feelings, and the senses.

What happens to tolerance with hallucinogens/psychedelics?

Tolerance can build rapidly.

What are examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics?

LSD, mescaline, MDMA, PCP, psilocybin, and ketamine.

What do depressants do to the CNS?

Depressants slow or depress the CNS.

What can high amounts of depressants produce?

High amounts can produce stupor.

What are examples of depressants?

Alcohol, opiates, sedatives, barbiturates, benzodiazepines such as Valium, and methaqualone.

What type of drug is alcohol?

Alcohol is a CNS depressant.

What is alcohol (ethanol) produced by?

Alcohol is produced by fermentation.

What can excessive alcohol use impair?

It can impair inhibition, coordination, motor skills, speech, vision, mood, and memory.

What is nicotine?

Nicotine is a highly addictive alkaloid found in tobacco products.

What can long-term tobacco use cause?

It can cause chronic respiratory disease and cancers.

What plant does cannabis come from?

Cannabis comes from the Cannabis sativa plant.

What is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?

THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient.

What effect does THC produce?

THC produces euphoria.

What are examples or derivatives of cannabis?

Marijuana, wax/dabs, and hashish.

What are designer drugs?

Designer drugs are structural analogs created by altering existing illicit drugs to mimic, change, or intensify psychoactive effects.

What are examples of designer drugs or designer-drug analogs?

MDMA/Ecstasy and analogs related to PCP, fentanyl, and meperidine.

What are anabolic steroids?

Anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of testosterone.

Why are anabolic steroids used?

They are used to increase muscle size and strength.

What serious effects can anabolic steroid abuse cause?

It can cause cardiovascular, liver, reproductive, and mood effects.

What are inhalants and organic solvents?

They are chemicals whose vapors are inhaled for euphoric effects.

What are examples of inhalants or organic solvents?

Gasoline, model airplane glue, and paint thinner.

What are narcotics and opiates?

They are highly addictive CNS depressants.

What can high doses of narcotics and opiates produce?

High doses can produce stupor.

What are examples of narcotics and opiates?

Heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, meperidine/Demerol, Darvon, and Percodan.

How do expected effects of alcohol relate to drinking patterns?

People may drink expecting relaxation, sedation, stress or anxiety relief, escape from problems, or a desired mental state. These expected rewarding or relieving effects can encourage repeated drinking.

What is the most widely used licit drug?

Alcohol.

What is legal instrumental drug use?

Taking prescribed or OTC drugs to relieve or treat mental or physical symptoms.

What is legal recreational drug use?

Using licit drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine to achieve a desired mental or psychic state.

What is illegal instrumental drug use?

Taking drugs without a prescription to accomplish a task or goal.

What is illegal recreational drug use?

Taking illicit or misused drugs for fun, pleasure, or euphoria.

What three types of drug users/abusers are described in the guide?

Casual users, experimental users, and compulsive or heavily attached users.

How do casual and experimental users generally differ from compulsive users?

Casual and experimental users generally do not progress to excessive use, while compulsive users show a stronger, obsessive attachment to drug use.

Why do people use drugs?

Reasons include pleasure, stress or anxiety relief, escape, relaxation, peer acceptance, pain relief, performance, curiosity, boredom reduction, independence, belonging, rites of passage, and religious or mystical experiences.

According to the textbook, what is more important than amount or frequency in determining drug abuse?

The motive for taking the drug.

When can drug use become abuse?

It can become abuse when a person continues taking a drug for its effects rather than its intended need.

What are the initial symptoms of drug abuse?

Excessive use, preoccupation with the drug supply, denial of excessive use, and reliance on the drug.

What may happen to responsibilities as drug abuse develops?

The person may begin neglecting other responsibilities.

What is drug abuse?

The willful misuse of licit or illicit drugs for recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience.

How does drug abuse differ from simple drug use?

Drug abuse is more intense than simple drug use and may progress toward addiction.

What is psychological dependence?

The felt need to continue using a drug to experience its effects.

What are central features of psychological dependence?

Craving and mental attachment.

What is physical dependence?

The need to continue taking a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

What can physical withdrawal symptoms include?

Discomfort or illness.

What is addiction in relation to dependence?

Addiction is an advanced stage of dependence.

What types of dependence generally occur in addiction?

Psychological and physical dependence.

What are the five phases of addiction?

Relief, increased use, preoccupation, dependency, and withdrawal.

What happens in the relief phase of addiction?

Drug use provides escape from boredom, loneliness, tension, fatigue, anger, or anxiety.

What happens in the increased-use phase?

Greater quantities of the drug are taken.

What happens in the preoccupation phase?

The person develops continuous concern with the drug and its supply, and drug use begins to seem normal.

What happens in the dependency phase?

The person seeks more of the drug despite negative physical effects; this phase is synonymous with addiction.

What happens in the withdrawal phase?

Nonuse produces physical or psychological symptoms and intense craving.

How does physical dependence differ from psychological dependence?

Physical dependence involves the body needing the drug. Psychological dependence involves a mental inability or felt need to stop using the drug.

What does the moral model say about addiction?

It views addiction as the result of poor morals, lifestyle choices, or failure of self-restraint.

What does the disease model say about addiction?

It views addiction as a chronic and progressive illness over which the person has little or no control and that requires treatment.

What does the personality predisposition model say about addiction?

It views addiction as a manifestation of problems within the personality system.

How is the 12-step approach related to the disease model?

AA/NA's 12-step recovery approach is closely related to the disease model, which views addiction as a progressive illness requiring treatment and recovery.

What is dual diagnosis?

The coexistence of substance use and psychiatric disorders.

How can substance use relate to psychiatric illness?

It can mimic psychiatric illness, serve as self-medication, worsen an underlying illness, or trigger symptoms.

When is a primary psychiatric disorder more likely?

When symptoms predate drug use, do not match usual drug effects, or persist more than four weeks after use ends.

How do biological theories explain drug use and abuse?

They explain addiction through genetics, brain dysfunction, biochemical patterns, and CNS reward processes.

What do drugs alter according to biological theories?

Brain chemistry, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitter functioning.

Why might some people find drugs especially reinforcing according to biological theories?

Their reward systems may make drug effects especially reinforcing.

What does the positive-reinforcement biological theory emphasize?

Drugs activate pleasure and reward centers, often through neurotransmitters such as dopamine, and the euphoria reinforces repeated use.

What does the psychiatric-disorders biological theory emphasize?

The relationship between drug use and psychiatric illness, including self-medication, worsening illness, mimicking symptoms, or producing symptoms.

What do genetic explanations of addiction emphasize?

Inherited traits that may increase vulnerability to addiction.

How may inherited traits affect addiction vulnerability?

They may influence reward sensitivity, psychiatric vulnerability, craving, or withdrawal.

How do the three biological theories differ?

They emphasize reward mechanisms, psychiatric conditions, and inherited vulnerability, respectively.

What finding supports a genetic explanation of alcohol use disorder?

Children of parents with alcohol use disorder have about a 4-5 times greater chance of developing it even when adopted at birth.

About what percentage of addiction vulnerability is estimated to be genetic?

About 40-60%.

Why are genetic studies of addiction difficult to interpret?

Genetic, environmental, and learned influences are difficult to separate.

How do biological and psychological theories differ?

Biological theories focus on physical characteristics, genetics, brain dysfunction, and biochemistry. Psychological theories focus on mental and emotional states, personality, and adjustment to frustration, conflict, anxiety, or guilt.

What does personality theory focus on?

Traits such as introversion, extroversion, and sensitivity to reward or arousal.

What do learning-process theories say about drug use?

Drug use can be learned through conditioning, associations, expectations, and habituation.

What does addiction-to-pleasure theory say?

Pleasurable drug effects reinforce continued use, and a strong need for stimulation can increase vulnerability.

What do social psychological learning theories emphasize?

Peer influence, social approval, and learned expectations that can reinforce or reduce drug use.

What are sensation-seeking individuals?

People who pursue novel thrills and high-intensity stimulation.

Why are sensation-seeking individuals at greater risk?

Those who are preoccupied with getting high and seek intense experiences are at greater risk for drug use and substance use disorder.

What do sociological explanations focus on?

External social forces and social bonds.

What are the two broad sets of sociological theories?

Social influence theories and structural influence theories.

What is the difference between social influence and structural influence theories?

Social influence theories are microscopic and focus on significant others. Structural influence theories are macroscopic and focus on the organization of society.

What does social learning theory say about drug use?

Drug use is learned through interaction, imitation, reinforcement, and associations with peers and family.

What does the role-of-significant-others perspective emphasize?

Intimate groups can reinforce motives, techniques, feelings, and drug-taking behavior.

What does labeling theory explain?

How important others can define behavior as deviant and influence a person's identity.

What is primary deviance?

Initial deviant behavior without adopting a deviant identity.

What is secondary deviance?

Deviance in which the person identifies with the deviant behavior.

What does subculture theory say about drug use?

Peer pressure, influence, and group processes can encourage experimentation and use.

What does social disorganization theory emphasize?

Disruption and rapid social change.

What does social strain theory emphasize?

An inability to achieve goals.

What does control theory emphasize?

Weak social controls or weak bonds to conventional society.

What does containment theory emphasize?

The strength of internal and external controls.

What is dopamine's role in addiction?

Drugs of abuse activate the brain's reward system and increase dopamine, which is important in motivation, reward, and pleasure.

What does "wanting" refer to in relation to dopamine?

Dopamine is important in motivation to obtain a reward, not just the pleasure of the reward.

How is dopamine release related to addictive potential?

Faster and greater dopamine release is associated with greater addictive potential.

What can repeated overstimulation of dopamine systems cause?

Adaptation, craving when dopamine is depleted or below baseline, and continued drug-seeking.

How do pleasure and pain function in Dopamine Nation Chapter 3?

They function like a balance that seeks equilibrium.

What happens after pleasure tips the balance toward pleasure?

An opposing pain response follows.