Social Studies 20

Nation-state

A nation which is a state (agreed upon laws enforced by a government, and clear borders), is a nation, and has international recognition

Self-determination

A group of people that can legally form their own state and decide their government. The will, or sovereignty, of the people.

Sovereignty

The right a nation has to govern themselves free of any superior control.

Patriotism

Immense support and loyalty towards one’s country, based on values and beliefs. Does not directly refer to culture, ethnicity, or language.

Ethnic Nation

A nation based on a shared genetic background

Civic Nation

Political identity built around citizenship in a democratic state

Collective consciousness

A set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.

Cultural pluralism

A belief that holds that collectives should be encouraged to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity in a diverse society. Ex. Canada. Non-ex. Australia

Sovereignists

People who believe a certain nation should become an independent nation-state with full control. Ex. People who believe Quebec should become independent

Federalists

People who support a federal system of government. Ex. People who believe Quebec should remain a Canadian province.

French Revolution TYPES of causes

Economic, historical, social, geographic, and political factors

Economic factors that led to the french revolution

After the American revolution and Seven Years War, the country was going bankrupt. Droughts further exacerbated things.

Estates General

An assembly formed from the French estates. Called in 1788 while the government was going bankrupt. King Louis XVI hoped to increase taxes.

When was the last time the Estates General was called before the late 1700s? What happened?

1614, when Louis XIII (9 years old) was king. The upper classes had tried to take advantage of the regency, and so the Estates General was called. Nothing happened.

Huguenots

French protestants

Intendants

Administrative officers directly responsible to the crown (french old regime)

What were the three French estates? What percentage of the population was in each?

Clergy (1st), noblemen (2nd), Third Estate. 98% of the population was in the third.

Bourgeoisie

Those with acquired wealth but not prestige, especially businessmen.

Taille

Property tax during the french revolution

Tithe

10% of everyone’s income, given to the crown.

Feudalism

A complex social system of Lords, vassals and peasants, especially in place in the Old Regime of the french revolution

Imigrae

Nobility who left France during the revolution

What happened to huguenots?

Their rights were revoked and they were persecuted for over a century

The War of Spanish Succession

A war between France and the Grande Alliance (Britain, Holland, and Austria) where they attempted to prevent a French King from succeeding the Spanish throne. Ended with the Spanish empire being divided, and a hit to the French economy.

The Palace of Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV to live away from Paris, and later maintained by his successors. Where royals and extremely wealthy nobles lived, keeping them away from interfering in administrative affairs and centralizing monarchy.

Cahiers

Lists of grievances the people wrote for the Estates General, most of which wanting a constitution and equal taxation.

Tennis Court Oath

An oath made by the national assembly not to disband until a constitution had been drawn up.

National Assembly

A group of the third estate, uniting with some Nobles and Clergy, to move towards equality and constitution.

The Fall of the Bastille

A crowd stormed Bastille, an old fortress prison they believed to be a symbol of the king’s authority, with many weapons and prisoners within. They instead found only 7 prisoners, but they stormed it anyway, and put the guard’s head on a spike.

National Guard

French military group formed to protect borders from external threats.

What was the slogan for French revolutionaries?

Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

What did Napoleon do?

Patriotism/Nationalism, meritocracy, France as a global power, the Napoleonic Code, Bank of France, University of France and Lycees

Napoleonic Code

All men are equal before the law; protection of national interest; religious freedom, but a secular state; men have control over women and children; slavery…; louisiana purchase (sold it for far less than it was worth)

Bank of France

A national bank where all citizens pay taxes to pay off debts; paper money, and helping manage inflation

University of France and Lycees

Government schools that encouraged patriotism; a step towards public education; introduced standardized testing

Concordat of 1801

Agreement between the French government and the Pope so that the government elects clergy and they can own property again, but would not have power as they did before.

What was the struggle in Quebec in the 1800s?

8% of the population emigrated to the US and Western Canada; to respond, the catholic church encouraged the traditional, rural, catholic lifestyles with large families. French population increased, but English people dominated almost all business, endangering Quebec’s French identity.

Quiet Revolution

Significant social, political, and economic reforms passed in Quebec in the 1960s and 70s, transforming Quebec from a rural, religion-focused society into a modern, urban, industrial and secular society.

Quiet Revolution Slogan

Maitres Chez Nous, Masters in our own house

Parti Quebecois

A sovereigntist political party with the goal of protecting francophone identity

Bill 101

The charter of the French language, passed in 1977 by the PQ. Made French the only official language in the province, and led to many anglophones and anglophone businesses leaving the province. Surprisingly, it actually wasn’t that effective beyond that.

Quebec Referendum

A referendum given in 1995 to Quebecois about splitting from Canada. It was nearly even, but has gone up in favour of staying in Canada since. It was worded strangely.

The Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ)

A radical group formed to spark change through protest and violence. They kidnapped and murdered people, bombed random Anglophone-centric locations, etc. The War Measures Act was evoked, and the FLQ was suppressed. Many arrests took place. People turned against the FLQ, even if they agreed with their reasons, for their methods.

Bill 21

An act that banned public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols while on duty, including everything except tattoos or hairstyles. Evoked the notwithstanding clause against the freedom of religion.

The Assembly of First Nations

A national advocacy organization that works to advance the collective aspirations of First Nations individuals and communities.

Declaration of FIrst Nations

A declaration of loyalty to the Creator they believe in, rather than promising loyalty to a nation-state like other similar documents.

Oka Crisis / Kanehsata:ke Resistance

A land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec in 1990 that lasted 78 days and ended in two fatalities, after a golf course wanted to expand and develop townhouses on disputed land that included a Mohawk burial ground.

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

A commission established after the Oka Crisis to investigate questions about Indian Status and other issues brought up; the report was released five years later

Peacekeeping

Diffusing a conflict

Peacemaking

Fixing ties between nations so they'll remain peaceful

Peace-building

Forming foundations for peace long term

GDP

Measure of production of goods and services in a country

Propaganda

A systematic effort to spread opinions or beliefs

Appeasement

A British policy of allowing Hitler to expand German territory in hope of appeasing him into not beginning another war.

Crimes against humanity

Systematic and/or widespread attacks on a citizen group; offensive to nearly everybody and takes away people's dignity

Ethnic cleansing

A war crime in which an ethnic group is removed from an area through deportation, etc., and any evidence of them having been there are removed

Decolonization

The undoing of colonialism where a state becomes independent

Militarism

A belief that a nation should be in a state of military readiness. Guides policies, impacts foreign relations, and puts military leaders in power.

Imperialism

The practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing hard and soft power

The Iron Chancellor

Otto Von Bismarck, the first chancellor of the German Empire, and credited for unifying Germany and Prussia.

Reinsurance Treaty

A treaty that ensured Germany and Russia would stay neutral if either engaged in war with a third party, unless it was with France or Austria-Hungary. Instated by Otto Von Bismarck, then removed by Caprivi. The beginning of the end.

Friedrich Wilhelm II

The first kaiser of the German empire and last king of Prussia. Inspired militarism and ultranationalism.

Weltpolitik

Aggressive German foreign policy that would give Germany its “place in the sun” and develop it into a major world power.

The Schieffelin Plan

Germany’s plan of attack during World War I, where they would surround French forces and swiftly destroy them, before meeting the Russians on the Eastern front.

Why did the Schieffelin plan fail?

The Russians were faster than they thought, and German forces were split in half.

Fourteen Points

US President Wilsons suggested to prevent future conflict and promote self-determination for all states.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty which placed reparations against Germany, including damage caused by invasions and by “German Aggression”. BLAME, REPARATIONS, ARMED FORCES, TERRITORY.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A treaty between Germany and Russia after Russia forfeited the war, where they gave up much of their populations, land, and industry. Declared null during the Treaty of Versailles.

Bilateralism

Acting with two countries in tandem.

Unilateralism

Acting on your own against another or a problem.

Isolationism

Behaviour of remaining completely independent; absence of international trade

Multilateralism

Acting with >2 countries in tandem

Supranationalism

Many acting as one, putting a common goal against their own. Ex. EU

UN Security Council

Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security.

European Union

Promoting peace and stability within Europe, especially against the rise of the Americas.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Military alliance.

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command. US and Canada protecting from air attacks.

Arctic Council

Forum to address issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous peoples of the region.

Separationism

Advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. Ex. Against federalism