Human Body Orientation Lecture

50 Question-and-Answer style flashcards covering anatomy orientation, organ systems, life functions, homeostasis, anatomical terminology, and pathology concepts.

Anatomy

What is the study of the structure, shape, and relationships of body parts called?

In Greek roots, what does the suffix "-tomy" mean?

To cut or cutting

Gross Anatomy

Which branch of anatomy examines large body structures visible to the naked eye?

Physiology

Which field studies how the body and its parts work or function?

Nature

The Greek root "physis" translates to what English word?

Atoms

What term refers to the tiny building blocks of matter?

The cell

What is the smallest unit of all living organisms?

Tissues

What do we call groups of similar cells performing a common function?

An organ

What is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function?

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

The organism

What term represents the highest level of structural organization in the body?

Integumentary system

Which organ system forms the body’s external covering and produces vitamin D?

Lymphatic

Acts as a storehouse for white blood cell

To contract or shorten

What key ability of muscle tissue enables body mobility?

Nervous system

Which system is described as the body’s fast-acting control system?

Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves & ganglia)

Name the two major divisions of the nervous system.

Hormones

What chemical messengers are produced by the endocrine system?

Cardiovascular system

Which system delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing wastes like carbon dioxide?

They cleanse the blood and house white blood cells

What is the primary immune function of lymph nodes?

Respiratory system

Which system supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?

Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the blood

What is the main role of the digestive system?

Urea (in urine)

Which nitrogen-containing waste does the urinary system remove from blood?

To produce offspring

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

Movement

Which necessary life function includes propelling ourselves from place to place?

Responsiveness or irritability

What life function is the ability to sense and react to stimuli called?

Metabolism

What term refers to all chemical reactions occurring within body cells?

Excretion

Which process removes wastes, or excreta, from the body?

The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

How is homeostasis best defined?

Receptor, control center, effector

List the three basic components of a homeostatic control system.

Negative feedback mechanism

What feedback mechanism shuts off or reduces the intensity of the original stimulus?

Positive feedback mechanism

Which feedback mechanism amplifies the original stimulus?

Body upright, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Describe the standard anatomical position.

Toward the control center

In neural pathways, which direction does an afferent signal travel?

Axillary

Which regional term refers to the armpit area?

Plantar

What regional term designates the sole of the foot?

Lumbar

Which regional term identifies the lower back between the ribs and hips?

-itis

What suffix is commonly used to denote inflammation?

-oma

What suffix signifies a tumor or mass?

The study of the causes of a disease

Define etiology in medical science.

The development and chain of events leading to a disease

How is pathogenesis defined?

A disorder with sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment

What is an acute disease?

A long-standing disorder that cannot usually be cured

Define a chronic disease.

Communicable disease

What kind of disease can be transmitted from one individual to another?

A disorder present at birth

What does congenital mean in relation to disorders?

A condition resulting from healthcare intervention

What is an iatrogenic condition?

Differentiate a sign from a symptom.

A sign is observed or measured by others; a symptom is reported by the patient

Syndrome

what is a collection of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together

60–80% of body weight

Approximately what percentage of body weight is water?

Digestion, temperature regulation, or waste removal (any two)

Name two bodily functions that rely on water.

Nervous system

Which organ system is responsible for rapid responses to external stimuli?