unit 4 world

Tanzimat Reforms A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire to create a more centralized

secular government

Secular Non-religious

Crimean War (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Decembrist Uprising unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms.

Meiji Restoration the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

Emancipation of serfs in Russia Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

Alexander II of Russia Made reforms to modernize Russia

assassinated

Russification the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

under Alexander III

Suez Canal A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Westernization An adoption of the social

political

Panama Canal Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States

it opened in 1915.

Opium War a conflict between Britain and China

lasting from 1839 to 1842

Janissaries Christian boys taken from families

converted to Islam

Treaty of Nanjing 1842

ended Opium war