lab 18 biol 1191

Menstrual Phase (day 1-5)

FSH causes the primordial follicles to develop → primary + secondary follicles which granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid that’s accumulated in antrum + producing estrogen + inhibin

Preovulatory phase (day 6-13)

Secondary follicles mature → tertiary mature ovarian follicles ready for ovulation + granulosa cells ↑ estrogen secretion

Ovulation (day 14)

Rupture of the mature follicle with the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity

Postovulatory Phase (day 15-28)

Follicular phase

Menstrual phase

Proliferative phase

Luteal phase

Secretory phase

Estrogen

Made in the ovary → acts on the endometrium → thickens it and helps regulate follicle development.

Progesterone

Made in ovary → acts on endometrium + mammary gands

Endometrium (progesterone)

Progesterone prepares it for implantation

Mammary glands

Progesterone prepares it for milk secretion

Follicle stimulating hormone

Made in anterior pituitary → acts on ovaries in females and testes in males

Female ovaries (FSH)

stimulates initial development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens by the follicles

Male testes (FSH)

Stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes for spermatogenesis

Luteinizing hormone

Made in anterior pituitary → acts on ovaries in females and testes in males

Female ovaries in (LH)

Causes several primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles

Male testes (LH)

stimulates leydig cells in testes to increase BL of testosterone

Trophoblast

Outer covering, deveops into chorion

Embryoblast/inner cell mass

Inner cell mass, develops into embryo

Umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

provides the embryo with nutrients during the second and third weeks of development

Amnion

surrounds the embryo, covers the fetal portion of the placenta and the umbilical cord

Amniotic fluid

Absorbs shock and regulates body temp

Stage of dilation

Regular contractions of the uterus, rupture of amniotic sac, complete dilation of cervix

Stage of expulsion 

Complete cervical dilation to delivery of baby, which moves through the birth canal

Placental stage

Uterine contractions expel placenta after birth

Estrogens + Progesterone

Made in corpus luteum → acts on uterus and mammary glands

Uterus (estrogen + progesterone)

Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions and rise in estrogens overcomes this inhibition

Mammary glands (estrogen + progesterone)

progesterone inhibits the effects of prolactin until delivery

Relaxin

made from corpus luteum → acts on pubic symphysis + cervix, increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis + helps dilate the cervix of the uterus to ease delivery

Human Chorionic gonadotropin

Made in chorion of placenta → acts on corpus luteum → to maintain corpus luteum activity, especially continuous progesterone secretion

Oxytocin

made in hypothalamus → acts on mammary glands → causes the contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the acini and ducts the mammary gands,m producing milk ejection to assist infant feeding

Prolactin

Made in anterior pituitary → acts on mammary glands → stimulate the secretory cells of the mammry glands to produce milk

What does LH surge indicate

the most fertile period in ovarian cycle

What is hCG?

Appears in urine and serum of pregnant women, 1st week of pregnancy + produced by pacenta trophoblastic cells

What is the importance of colosstrum

Serves as a placeholder for true breast milk

Fertilization

the union of hte genetic material from a sperm and ovum

Implantation

The attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium typically occurs 6-8 days following fertilization

Gestation

The time that the embryo or fetus is carried in the uterus

Paturition

The process of giving birth