FUNC: electronic config

Thomson's Model & Discovery

Discovered the electron using cathode ray tubes, found the charge-to-mass ratio, and proposed the plum-pudding model.

Rutherford's Discovery

Discovered that the atom's positive charges are concentrated in the nucleus and identified protons.

Bohr's Atomic Model

Proposed that electrons move in circular orbits with specific energies (energy levels) around the nucleus.

Einstein's Light Properties

Demonstrated that light, although a wave, could also possess particle properties.

de Broglie's Hypothesis

Proposed that matter (small particles) as well as light can exhibit wave properties (wave-particle duality).

Schrödinger's Contribution

Developed mathematical functions that give the probability of finding an electron at a particular position within an atom.

Atomic Orbital

A region of space within an atom and around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is high.

S Orbital

Sphere-shaped orbital; increasing number means increasing energy and distance from the nucleus.

P orbital

Dumbbell-shaped orbital coming in a set of 3 (degenerate) with the same energy and shape but different orientations.

D Orbital

Set of 5 degenerate orbitals with equal energy and unique shapes.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No more than two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must have opposite spins.

Aufbau Principle

States that electrons fill the lowest energy level first.

Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

In orbitals of equal energy, electrons fill orbitals singly before pairing up.

Cation

An atom that has lost electrons resulting in a net positive charge.

Anion

An atom that has gained electrons resulting in a net negative charge.