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Karl Marx
Invented Marxim
- Divided people into to groups of those with means to produce and laborers
- Communist Manifesto and Capital
Max Weber
Religion, cities, bureaucracy and social stratification
- Believed political/bureaucratic power and social standing were the ones truly in charge
Emile Durkheim
Wrote the sociological method
- How societies could maintain integrity and coherence in the modern era
- Positivist science
W. E. B. Du Bois
"Double Consciousness" - how africans born in europe were or were not able to reconcile their heritage with their upbringing
- leader of Niagara movement
Gustave le Bon
Contagion theory - members in a large group feel protected by the crowd
Robert Merton
5 modes of adaption of anomie:
1) Conformity
2) Innovation
3) Ritualism
4) Retreatism
5) Rebellion
Thomas Malthus
Population studies
- developed the dependency ratio
covering rate of growth in food production vs. population and working vs. nonworking population
Erving Goffman
Argued that identities were not inherently a part of us, but resources to use when needed
Adam Smith
Capitalism "Wealth of Nations"
William Sumner
Ethnocentrism
Radcliffe Browne
Structural Functionalism
Auguste Comte
3 Stages of cultural evolution:
Theological to metaphysical to positive
- Coined sociology as study of whole
Thomas Hobbes
Social contract theory and proposed that social order arose out of the desire to escape social conflict
Jean Piaget
Developmental psychology at young ages
Edwin Sutherland
People undergo similar socialization, whether conformist or deviant
Harriet Martineau
First female sociologist
Jane Addams
Developed progressive social theories
Margaret Mead
Gender studies
Ferdinand Tonnies
Coined gemeinschaft and gesellschaft
Sigmund Freud
3 Parts of personality:
1) Id - instinctual mind
2) ego - realistic part
3) Super ego - internal set of cultural rules
Edward Thorndike
Animal behavior and connectionism
- Proved HALO effect concept
Erik Erikson
Child and psychosocial development
8 Stages:
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair
Talcott Parsons
Sick Role
Charles Wright Mills
Sociological imagination