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AP WORLD VOCAB
Protestant Reformation
Massive schism within Christianity that began in 1517, challenging church authority and endorsing salvation by faith alone.
Martin Luther
German priest who issued the Ninety-Five Theses, initiating the Protestant Reformation.
Thirty Years’ War
A Catholic-Protestant struggle from 1618 to 1648 that ended in the Peace of Westphalia, establishing state sovereignty over religious affairs.
Counter-Reformation
Internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century, responding to Protestant Reformation and clarifying Catholic doctrine.
Taki Onqoy
A religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s that called for the destruction of Christianity and European influence.
Jesuits in China
Jesuit missionaries who, from 1550 to 1800, sought to integrate into Chinese culture to convert the elite, led by Matteo Ricci.
Wahhabi Islam
An austere Islamic movement led by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab advocating strict adherence to Islamic law.
Wang Yangming
Ming thinker arguing individuals can achieve a virtuous life through introspection without traditional education.
The Dream of the Red Chamber
A novel by Cao Xueqin exploring the life of an elite family in mid-eighteenth-century China.
Mirabai
Beloved bhakti poet of India known for transcending caste and tradition.
Sikhism
A religious tradition founded by Guru Nanak in northern India, combining Hinduism and Islam, promoting equality.
Scientific Revolution
Transformation in the 16th to 18th centuries shaping a new conception of the material world based on rational inquiry.
Copernicus
Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed a sun-centered universe in 1543.
Galileo
Italian scientist who improved the telescope and made significant astronomical observations.
Newton
English scientist known for formulating the laws of motion and mechanics during the Scientific Revolution.
European Enlightenment
18th-century intellectual movement applying Scientific Revolution principles to human affairs, advocating knowledge and inquiry.
Voltaire
Pen name of François-Marie Arouet, a French writer known for his deism and criticism of traditional religion.
Condorcet
The Marquis de Condorcet argued for society's near-infinite improvability through human reason.
kaozheng
Chinese intellectual movement meaning 'research based on evidence', emphasizing evidence and analysis in scholarship.
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