SL Biology - Topic 2: Molecular Biology (copy)

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a compilation of key terms and concepts from topic 2

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42 Terms

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metabolism

all chemical reactions that take place within cells and organisms

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anabolism

the building of large molecules from smaller molecules

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catabolism

the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones

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water dipolarity

a weak negatively charged region on the oxygen atom and a weak positively charged region on the hydrogen atom

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role of water as a solvent

allows chemical reactions to occur and a transport medium

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role of water with a high specific heat capacity

allows water to be a suitable habitat and maintain optimal temperatures within cells and bodies

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role of water with a high latent heat of vaporization

an effective coolant as large amounts of energy must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds.

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disaccharides

monosaccharides joined together via a condensation reaction, releasing a molecule of water.

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starch

the storage polysaccharide of plants

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glycogen

the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

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cellulose

a polymer of beta-glucose monomers

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triglycerides

a form of lipid made up of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

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saturated fatty acids

the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails are all single bonds

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unsaturated fatty acids

the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail are not all single bonds

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cis-isomers

at a double carbon bond, the attached hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain.

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trans-isomers

at a double carbon bond, the attached hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain

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proteins

polymers and macromolecules made of amino acids

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amino acids

the monomers of polypeptides

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fibrous proteins

proteins composed of long and narrow strands with a structural role

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globular proteins

proteins with a more compact and rounded shape with a functional role

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insulin

a short, globular protein produced and secreted in the pancreas binding to insulin receptors causing the absorption of glucose from the blood.

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collagen

the most abundant fibrous protein in the human body made of 3 polypeptide chains

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proteome

the full range of proteins that a cell organism is able to produce

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enzymes

biological catalysts that are able to speed up the rate of chemical creations without being used up.

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immobilized enzymes

an enzyme that is attached to an insoluble material to prevent mixing with a product

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nucleic acids

polymers of nucleotides

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nucleotides

formed from a pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing organic base and a phosphate group

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helicase

an enzyme used in DNA replication which unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

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DNA polymerase

links nucleotides together to form a new strand using the pre-existing one as a template

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thymine

bonds to adenine with 2 hydrogen bonds

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cytosine

bonds to guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds

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transcription

when DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced

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translation

when mRNA is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced

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sense strand

the strand of the DNA molecule that carries the genetic code during transcription

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anti-sense strand

the DNA strand that is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule

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codons

three bases on mRNA that correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide

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ATP

a source of energy from cellular processes

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aerobic respiration

requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP (36) from glucose

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anaerobic respiration

glucose is only partially oxidized meaning only a small part of it’s chemical energy is released and transfers ATP (2)

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Photosynthesis


Photosynthesis is a process by which phototrophs convert light energy and inorganic molecules into chemical energy

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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chlorophylls

primary pigments which absorb wavelengths in the blue-violet and red regions of the light spectrum

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carotenoids

accessory pigments which absorb wavelengths of mainly the blue-violet region of the spectrum