Chapter 19: Cardiovascular system: Heart McGraw Hill Smartbook

The innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem does not initiate a heartbeat but it can increase the rate of the heartbeat

True

The major wave forms in a ECG(EKG) are _____wave,_____complex, and _____wave

P,QRS,T

Atrial contraction causes which to occur?

-pushes blood into ventricles

-compresses the openings of the great veins

blood the enters an atrium is passed to the ventricle on the _____side of the heart

same

which are correctly identified as great vessels?

-superior vena cava

-inferior vena cava

-aorta

parasympathetic innervation _____ the heart rate

decreases

Place in the correct order the sequence of events resulting in the action potential for cardiac muscle cells

1.Na+ ions enter causing depolarization

2.Depolarization causes opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

3.Slow voltage gated- Ca2+ channels open causing a Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release

4.plateau occurs

5.voltage- gated Ca2+ channels close

6.Repolarization occurs returning to the resting membrane potential

the cells of the cardiac conduction system do not contract

true

a large loss of blood would result in a(n) _____in the venous return to the heart

decrease

the heart is composed of which structures

-right atrium

-right ventricle

-left atrium

( not inferior vena cavae because it is not the heart but attached to the heart)

the heart is a relatively small, conical organ approximately the size of a persons _______

clenched fist

the cells of the _____node are the pacemaker of the heart

SA

which options are part of the cardiac muscle cells?

-sarcolemma

-t tubles

-myofibrils

in the heart, epithelium- lined dense connective tissue cusps the permit the passage of blood in one direction and prevent its backflow are called ______

valves

inotropic agents increase stroke volume by which mechanism?

-increasing Ca2+ levels

-increasing contractility

an individual with a weak heart may have limitation exerting themselves because they have little _____ ______

cardiac, reserve

Put the sequence of events in the correct order to describe the initiation and conduction of an action potential through the heart

1.sa node fires action potential

2. action potential reaches av node via gap junctions

3. action potential is delayed at the av node

4. action potential travels down the bundle branches

5. action potential travels up the purkinje fibers

healthy individuals can increase their cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of their tissues when exercising

true

the _____ _____ carries blood away from the right ventricle

pulmonary, trunk

the cardiac center is within the _____

medulla oblongata

the _____ atrium and ventricle are prominent when viewing the heart from the posterior view

left

which events occurs during the atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

-the ventricles have reached their EDV

-SA node initiates atrial contraction

-blood flow into the atria from the veins is restricted

the pulmonary circulation consists of the _____ atrium and _____ ventricle as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins

right, right

the function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain adequate _____ of all body tissues

perfusion

match the valve with its structure

*right atrioventricular

-three triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue

*semilunar

-three half-moon shaped cusps of dense connective tissue

*left atrioventricular

-two triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue

the long refractory period in the cardiac muscle cells prevents _____ contraction from occurring in the heart and causing pump malfunction

tetanic

during the final stage of the cardiac cycle as the atria relax and blood returns to fill the ventricle which valves reopen

-bicuspid

-tricuspid

like the right atrium, the left atrium also has _____

pectinate muscles

the _____ is a membrane the covers the heart and serves to protect it

pericardium

cardiac output is normally expressed as _____

liters per minute

place the options in the correct order for the opening of ion channels in a cardiac nodal cell from resting membrane potential through an action potential

1. slow voltage-gated Na+ channels

2. fast voltage- gated Ca2+ channels

3. voltage-gated K+ channels

the _____ ______ is the ability to reach threshold without stimulation

pacemaker, potential

which pumps and channels are associated with cardiac node cells?

-Na+ leak channels

-slow voltage-gated Na+ channels

-fast voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

-Na+/K+ ATPase

the endocardium is composed of a _____ squamous epithelium called the endothelium and a layer of _____ connective tissue

simple, areolar

the three main components of the cardiovascular system are _____, blood vessels and the _____

heart, blood

afterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to pump blood into the systemic circulation

true

the right atrioventricular opening is covered by the _____ valve

- right atrioventricular

-tricuspid

oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium, through the left _____ _____ when the valve is open, into the left ventricle

atrioventricular, opening

the sinoatrial(sa) node, or the _____, sets the rate of the hearts contractions by sending action potentials through the specialized conduction fibers to the atria and ventricle

pacemaker

arteries carry blood _____ the heart

away from

the cells of the SA node act as the _____ the rhythmic center that establishes the _____ for cardiac activity

pacemaker, pace

cardiacc output is determined by _____ _____ and heart rate

stroke, volume

a trained male athlete has a larger heart than a women who does not exercise. how would you expect his heart rate to compare to her heart rate?

his heart rate would be lower

the fibrous skeleton of the heart serves to _____

-isolate the atria from the ventricles

-stabilize the heart valves

-provide an attachment site for cardiac muscle

the _____ arteries are the only branches of the ascending aorta

coronary

sympathetic innervation _____ the heart rate

raises

place in the correct order the sequence of events resulting in the action potential for cardiac muscle cells

1. Na+ ions enter causing depolarization

2.Depolarization causes opening of voltage gated K+ channels

3.Slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open causing a Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release

4.Plateau occurs

5. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels close

.6. Repolarization occurs returning to the resting membrane potential

which are essential to maintain good blood circulation and ample perfusion?

-continual pumping action of heart

-open and unblocked blood vessels

the space between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the pericardium contains _____

serous fluid

systemic circulation begins with the chambers on the _____ side of the heart

left

the serous pericardium may be subdivided into layers, the _____ layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the _____ layer that is attached to the sruface of the heart

-parietal

-visceral

the _____ deliver oxygen rich blood to the thick heart wall while the _____ carry the deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall

-coronary arteries

-coronary veins

which valves are closed in the isovolumetric phase of the cardiac cycle?

-bicuspid valve

-mitral valve

-pulmonary semilunar valve

-tricuspid valve

the myocardium is the _____ of the three heart wall layers

thickest

the amount of blood that leaves the heart during the ventricular contraction is called the _____, _____

-stroke

-volume

the two basic types of blood vessels are _____, which carry blood away from the heart, and _____which carry blood toward the heart

-arteries

-veins

which are anatomic features that are significant in the normal function of the heart?

-two sets of valves within the heart

-great vessels attached to the heart

-two sides of the heart

cardiac muscle cells are relatively short, branched cells that usually house _____ central nuclei and numerous mitochondria for _____ supply

-one or two

-ATP

the _____ wave reflects the electrical changes of atrial depolarization

P

compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle requires _____ walls to generate enough pressure to force the blood into the aorta and then through the entire _____ circulation

-thicker

-systemic

like the right atrium, the left atrium also has _____

pectinate muscles

identify the three major vessels that empty into the right atrium: _____, _____, and _____

-inferior vena cava

-superior vena cava

-coronary sinus

the single heart tube develops into what 4 structures?

-primitive ventricle

- sinus venosus

-primitive atrium

- bulbus cardis

contraction of the atria finishes filling the ventricles through the open _____ valves in _____

-AV

-diastole

the inner portion of the pericardium is a thin, double- layer membrane called the _____ pericaridum

serous

the cells of the cardiac conduction system do not contract

true

in cardiac muscle, t-tubules overlie _____ instead of the junctions of a-bans and i-bands as seen in the skeletal muscle

z discs

during isovolumetric _____ the AV valves are forced closed and then _____ valves remain closed

-contraction

-semilunar

the wrinkle flap-like extensions visible in the anterior view of the heart are the _____

auricle

the craction of a heart chamber is called _____

systole

which of the following options is correctly identified as complications of pericarditis?

-cardiac tamponade

-death

-heart failure

numerous _____ within the intercalated discs prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart

desmosomes

which options are involved in establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential in cardiac node cells?

-Na+/ K+ pumps

-Na+ leak channels

-K+ leak channels

the _____ of the heart is formed from dense connective tissue

fibrous skeleton

the primitive ventricle forms most of the _____ ventricle

left

when the _____ contract, blood is forced into the _____ through the open AV valves

-atria

-ventricles

there is a oval depression in the interatrial septum called the _____

fossa ovalis

the _____ reflex protects the heart from overfilling

atrial

when the muscle impulse reaches the atrioventricular node, the AV cells _____ the muscle impulse as it passes to the atrioventricular bundle

delay

a term for disease of the myocardium is _____

cardiomyopathy

purkinje cells begin within the _____ of the heart and extend through the walls of the _____

apex

ventricles

match the heart tube component wit its post natal derivative

-sinus venous=superior vena cava

-primitive atrium=anterior muscular portions of left and right atria

-primitive ventricle= most of the left ventricle

-conus cordis= outflow tracts from ventricles to aorta and pulmonary trunk

-trunous arteriosus= ascending aorta

negative chronotropic agents cause a decrease in heart rate by:

-increasing K+ flux out of the cell

-causing hyperpolarization of the cell membranne

blood enters the right ventricle through _____

the right atrium

the superior part of the interventricular septum develops from the _____ septum, which is a spiral-shaped mass that also subdivides the _____ arteriosus into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta

aorticopulmonary

truncus

a function of the fibrous skeleton is to anchor _____ by forming supportive rings at their attachment points

heart valves

the pericardium restricts the hearts movements so that it doesnt bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity and prevents the heart from _____ blood

overfilling with

inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart is called _____

myocarditis

the thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium is the _____ _____

pericardial

cavity

after initiation, the muscle impulse travels from the SA node to the _____ ____

AV

node

norepinehrine increase heart rate by

-increasing Ca2+ flux into the node cells

-binding to the Beta1 receptor

the fibrous pericaridum is attached to both the _____ and the base of the _____ vessels

diaphragm

great

the left atrioventricular valve is also sometimes called the _____ valve, because the two triangular cusps resemble the headpiece worn by a bishop

mitral

an _____ is when more then one artery is providing blood to a given tissue

anastomosis

when the baby is born and the lungs are fully functional, the blood from the left atrium pushes the septum primum and secundum together, creating a _____ interatrial septum

closed

the anterior and inferior interventricular sulci extend inferiorly from the ____ sulcus toward the heart ____

coronary

apex

repolarization occurs during the contraction phase for the _____ muscle cells

cardiac

papillary muscles are associated with semilunar valves

false

an increase in venous return can cause

-an increase in stroke volume

-an increase in preload

-an increase in end diastolic volume

the left and right ventricles are separated by an _____ septum that grows superiorly from the floor of the ventricles

interventricular