Carbohydrates

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to Monosaccharides and Oligo- and Polysaccharides for exam preparation.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates.

Penultimate carbon

The second-to-last carbon atom in a sugar molecule.

Anomeric position

The carbon atom in a sugar molecule that becomes a new stereocenter upon cyclization.

D and L configuration

Designates the spatial arrangement of atoms in sugars based on the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon.

D-Glyceraldehyde

Dihydroxyacetone

The simplest ketotriose, a monosaccharide that is a ketone.

Aldose

A sugar that contains an aldehyde group.

Ketose

A sugar that contains a ketone group.

D-Ribose

A five-carbon aldopentose sugar essential in the structure of RNA.

α-D-Glucopyranose

β-D-Glucopyranose

D-Ribofuranose

The furanose form of D-Ribose, a five-carbon sugar.

D-Galactopyranose

The pyranose form of D-Galactose, an aldose sugar.

D-Fructose

Oligosaccharides

Carbohydrates that consist of a small number of monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that consist of long chains of monosaccharides.

Maltose

A disaccharide consisting of two D-Glucose units linked by an α-(1-4) bond.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked by α-(1-2) glycosidic bond.

Cellobiose

A disaccharide consisting of two D-Glucose units linked by a β-(1-4) bond.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose linked by a β-(1-4) bond.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that is a β-1,4-linked polymer of D-Glucopyranose.

Chitin

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine linked by β-1,4 bonds.

Amylose

A polysaccharide that is a linear α-1,4-linked polymer of D-Glucopyranose.

Amylopectin

A branched polysaccharide that is an α-1,4-linked polymer of D-Glucopyranose with some α-1,6 linkages.

D-Galactose

D-Glucose

D-Ribopyranose

D-Galactopyranose

D-Galactofuranose

D-Fructopyranose

D-Fructofuranose