Biology Systems (Unfinished)

Cardiovascular System Digestive System Respiratory System

Digestive System

Breaking down of complex molecules mechanically and chemically into simpler organic molecules that can be used by the animal

Mechanical Digestion

Physical digestion of food - chewing, churning - increases surface area

Chemical Digestion

Enzymes break down food

4 Functions of Digestion System

1. Ingestion - Eating

2. Digestion - Breakdown

3. Absorption - Absorbed into body

4. Egestion - Poo

Microscopic Animals Digestive System

High surface area to volume ratio - Don’t possess digestive system - Nutrients absorbed directly into cells.

Gastrovascular Cavity

• Nutrients does into cavity

• Enzymes break down nutrients - absorbed

• Waste is excreted from cavity

Breakdown of Proteins into x

Proteins —Protease—> Amino Acids

Breakdown of Carbohydrates into x

Carbohydrates —Amylase—> Glucose

Breakdown of Fats into x

Fats —Lipase—> Fatty Acids + Glycerol

Breakdown of Nucleic Acids into x

Nucleic Acids —Nuclease—> Nucleotides

What is broken down in the mouth

Carbohydrates

What is broken down in the stomach

Proteins

What is broken down in the Small Intestine

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fat

Herbivores break down x into x

Herbivores break down Cellulose into Glucose through an enzyme called Cellulase, produced by microorganisms in the Herbivore’s digestive system.

Carnivore/Omnivore Digestive System

Small stomach, short small intestine, tiny caecum with no function.

Ruminant Digestive System

Four large stomachs with cellulase producing microbes, longest small intestine, tiny caecum with no function.

Hind-Gut Fermenter Digestive System

Small stomach, medium small intestine, large caecum with cellulase producing microbes.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water.

Mammals have a x circulatory system

Closed

Insects have a x circulatory system

Open

Amoebas have a x circulatory system

Non-Existant

Open Circulatory System

• A heart

• Haemocoel - space through which haemolymph flows

• Not as effective due to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (lowers conc. gradient)

Red Blood Cells

• Biconcave disk

• no nucleus - maximises haemoglobin content

• carries oxygen

Haemoglobin

Compound which enables O2 to attach to R.B.C

Makes oxygenated blood red

White Blood Cells

• Have a nucleus

• Macrophages

• Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Eat foreign material (bacteria)

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

Plasma

The liquid portion - contains dissolved nutrients, hormones, gases, and the majority of the CO2.

Order blood travels around the body

Heart > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries (exchange blood) > Venuoles > Veins > Heart

Double Circulation - Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated blood goes from the right ventricle to the lungs and oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium.

Double Circulation - Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood goes from the left ventricle to the body cells and deoxygenated blood then goes to the right atrium.

Countercurrent Flow in fish

Blood flows from the body of the fish, to the gills, forming a concentration gradient of oxygen. When the low oxygen blood is in the gills, water travels the opposite direction and flows through the gills, and oxygen attaches to the blood due to the difference in concentration.

Gas exchange in amphibians

Frogs have capillaries just under the skin, to allow CO2 to exit and O2 to enter through the moist permeable skin.

Spiracles

Tracheal System relies on spiracles, openings on the body surface that lead to tracheae.

insect v animal

open v closed