Chapter 1 test - Abigail Carrera

Flashcards for chapter 1 test - Med Bio.

technology

the application of scientific knowledge of practical purposes

engineering design process

a method used to develop or improve technology

criteria

sets a standard on which a solution can be based

constraints

the limitations that a design or solution must stay within

tradeoff

an exchange for one thing in return for another

life cycle analyses

attempts to evaluate the real cost of a new technology or design

benefits

favorable effects of the solution

costs and risks

unfavorable effects of the solution

scientific method

scientists use this to ask questions, make predictions, and develop an experiment, or series of experiments to answer their questions

ecosystem

a complex relationship between organisms and their environment

disturbance

refers to anything that causes change to the environment

natural disturbance

disturbances caused by nature

flux

constant state of change

stable ecosystem

can bounce back from “normal” disturbances

resilience

the ability of an ecosystem to bounce back after a disturbance

genetic diversity

how much variation in DNA is among a group of species

resistance

the ability of an ecosystem to resist change caused by disturbances

ecological succession

a series of biotic changes that occurs on bare land to create a community

primary succession

when an ecosystem is created from bare rock

secondary succession

when an ecosystem is developed on bare soil

urbanization

refers to the process by which human developments, such as cities and towns, are established and develop as more people begin living in central areas

habitat fragmentation

refers to a situation where a large continuous habitat is broken up into many smaller habitats

population density

how many individuals living in a given space

density

how much matter in a given space

population dispersion

refers to how organisms separate themselves within a population

clumped population dispersal

occurs when resources are spread unevenly

protection from predators and help to find mate

uniform population dispersal

occurs when invidivual competes

limited resources/ territory and organisms maybe territorial

random population dispersal

least common pattern- individuals are spread randomly

2 patterns of population growth

exponential growth and logistic growth

exponential growth

any group of organisms that has an ideal amount of resources like food, water, soace, etc. will rapidly increase in size

logistic growth

occurs when populations are running low on resources

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain and support

limiting factors

factors that can affect the carrying capacity

density dependent limiting factors

competition: organisms compete with each other over resources

predation: feeding relationship between predator and prey

parasitism and disease: they move more rapidly in crowded places

density independent limiting factors

weather: drought, flood, frost, severe storm

natural disasters: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, fire, etc.

human activity: forest clearing, draining wetlands, habitat, fragmentation, hunting, fishing

systems

a set of interacting components or parts

inputs

what goes into a system- energy, matter, and information

outputs

what comes out of a system- energy, matter, and information

an opened system

both inputs and outputs flow in and out freely (both energy and matter)

a closed system

the flow of input and output is limited (only energy is exchanged)

an isolated system

inputs and outputs are contained (i.e. ice cooler)

feedback loop

if the feedback progresses in a cycle, the input leads to an output, and the output becomes an input, etc.

emergent property

the larger unit cast a “larger picture”

biotic factors

living or onceliving components

abiotic factors

non-living components like energy and matter

terrestial

land based ecosystem (29%)

aquatic

water based ecosystem (71%)

characteristics of living things

made up of one or more cells

grow

reproduce

evolve

respond to environmental changes

maintain homeostasis (maintiainng stable internal conditions)

homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions

habitat

include both biotic and abiotic factors where the organism lives

ecological niche

an environment that includes everything that the organism needs to survive and reproduce

factors- food sources

type of food

how species compete for food

where the food is in the food web

factors- abiotic conditions

the range of air temperature and the amount of water the species can tolerate

factors-behavior

the time of day species is active

when and where it feeds

when and where it reproduces

ecosystem

collection of habitats

habitat

where the organisms lives

niche

how the organism lives within the habitat

predation

when one organism captures and eats another organism

competition

when organisms compete for limited resources such as food, shelter, water, space, etc

symbiosis

relationships between different organisms

mutualism

both species benefit

commensalism

one benefit and the other is harmed

parasitism

one benefit and the other is harmed

biodiversity

the measure of the number of different species found in an area

biodiversity hotspot

an area with high levels of biodiversity