quiz dos

Sensation

The act of sensing the real world information.

Perception

The process of becoming aware of something through the senses.

Transduction

Conversion of an external stimulus into a neural signal.

Psychophysics

The study of how our sensations correspond to physical events in the world.

Absolute Threshold

The lowest level of stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time.

Difference Threshold

The amount of stimulus energy required to produce a Just Noticeable Difference (JND).

Weber’s Law

The principle that the amount of stimulus energy required to produce a JND is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity.

Sensory Adaptation

The process in which sensory neurons adjust their sensitivity based on recent stimulus history.

Motion After Effect

Opposing sensory or perceptual distortion that occurs after adaptation.

Signal Detection Theory

The theory that describes how stimuli are detected under different conditions.

Signal

What you are trying to detect.

Noise

Similar stimuli that compete with the signal and interfere with your ability to detect the signal.

Signal to Noise Ratio

The difficulty of detecting the signal depends on the strength of the signal in relation to the strength of the noise.

Attention

The process of focusing on specific parts of overwhelming input in order to process them deeply.

Cocktail Party Effect

The phenomenon where important information pops out in a conversation that you are not attending.

Inattentional Blindness

The failure to notice unattended stimuli as if they weren't there.

Change Blindness

A version of inattentional blindness that occurs when you fail to detect obvious changes in your environment.

Bottom-Up Processing

Processing information that starts with sensory input. Specific and moves to the general.

Top-Down Processing

Processing information that starts with the mind and expectations. general to specific

Perceptual Sets

Sets formed when expectations influence perceptions.

Illusion

When the way we perceive a stimulus does not match its physical reality.

Color Perception

The way we perceive reflected light as color.

Hue

The color of light which corresponds to wavelength.

Trichromatic Theory

The theory that color vision is based on three primary colors: blue, green, and red.

Opponent Process Theory

The theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors.

Depth Perception

The ability to judge distance and spatial relationships.

Binocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that involve both eyes, such as binocular disparity.

Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that involve one eye, such as relative size and interposition.

Figure-Ground Separation

The visual system's automatic attempt to distinguish figure from background.

Common Fate

Objects moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as a group.

Sound

Vibration or mechanical energy that travels through some medium.

Pitch

The frequency of a sound wave, measured in Hz.

Loudness

The amplitude or height of a sound wave, measured in dB.

Timbre

The quality or complexity of a sound.

Outer Ear

Part of the ear that funnels sound to the eardrum.

Middle Ear

Transmits sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear.

Inner Ear

Transduces sound; includes the cochlea.

Cochlea

The structure in the inner ear where sound transduction occurs.

Place Theory

Theory that specific locations on the basilar membrane match tones with specific pitches.

Frequency Theory

Theory that the firing rate of neurons matches the pitch of a sound.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior.

Classical Conditioning

Learning in which two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

Reinforcement

An increased likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Punishment

A decreased likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others.

Insight Learning

Immediate understanding of a problem without trial and error.

Memory

The capacity to store and retrieve information.

Encoding

Getting information into memory.

Storage

Keeping information in memory.

Retrieval

Accessing information from memory.

Sensory Memory

Holds sensory information for a very short duration.

Short Term Memory

Retaining information for a brief period (15-30 seconds).

Long Term Memory

Storage of information over extended periods.

Explicit Memory

Memories we can recall intentionally.

Implicit Memory

Memories that cannot be consciously recalled.

Schema

An organized knowledge structure used for understanding and remembering information.

Misinformation Effect

Creation of false memories due to misleading information after an event.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid memories for important events.

Chunking

Organizing information into manageable units to enhance memory.

Rehearsal

The mental repetition of information to maintain it in short-term memory.

Retroactive Interference

The process where new information disrupts the retrieval of old information.

Amnesia

Loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories but can form new memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a trauma.

Cognitive Biases

Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

Heuristic

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision making.

System 1 Thinking

Fast, intuitive, and emotional thinking.

System 2 Thinking

Slow, deliberate, and logical thinking.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek evidence that supports our beliefs.

Framing Effect

Being influenced by how information is presented.

Intelligence

The capacity for abstract reasoning, learning, and adapting.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve new problems quickly.

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills over time.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities are static and cannot be changed.

The Flynn Effect

The observed rise in IQ scores over time.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A widely used intelligence test that measures different aspects of intelligence.