BIOPSYCH Midterms Reviewer (copy)

Neuroscience

It is referred to as the scientific study of the nervous system

D. All of the above

It is the scientific study of the biology of behavior

A. Biopsychology

B. Psychobiology

C. Behavioral biology

D. All of the above

Evolutionary perspective

The comparative approach where it tries ro understand biological phenomena by comparing different species is called

Neuroplasticity

It is arguably the most influential discovery in modern neuroscience

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

Someone places an object in your hand while your eyes are closed. Even without opening your eyes, you are able to feel the object and felt it is a key. What sensory pathway played the largest role in the perception required to determine what the object was?

3, 2

The sodium-potassium pump is a protein pump whose main function is to transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. Each cycle of the pump moves ___ sodium ions out of the cell and ___ potassium ions into the cell

between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

Faces

When Harry got older, he started having deficits in his perception functioning. He was diagnosed with prosopagnosia. This means that he has trouble recognizing -

Hypothalamus

This part of the brain is best known for its role in regulating homeostasis throughout the body. Through its connects to the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, as well as its ability to influence behavior, it is involved in the regulation of thirst, hunger, and feeding, body temperature, and circadian rhythms, among many other things

Genetic mutations

Because organisms that inherit them are less fit, ___ usually disappear from the gene pool within a few generations

Epigenetics

is the study of mechanisms of inheritance other than modifications to the genetic code

You are cooking Nilagang Baboy for dinner. While cooking, your classmate was calling your phone, probably to inquire about your research project, In you hands, you mistakenly held the pot handle without kitchen mitts. The pain immediately made you let go. What part of the nervous system was at work?

a. CNS

b. PNS

c. SNS

d. ANS

12

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

subarachnoid space

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functions as a protection for the brain by supporting or cushioning it. It fills the ___ of the brain

CNS

The peripheral nervous system is located outside the -

ANS

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment

Dopamine

The Dela Cruz brothers are diagnosed with two different inesses. Joaquin, the eldest brother and already in his 60s, has developed a neurocognitive disorder where his movements are affected. He would have frequent tremors, and he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Juan, the younger brother, developed psychotic disorders when he was in his 20s. He was diagnosed with Schizophrenia. What neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra, is involved?

-70 mV

The resting potential is about _ mV.

Sodium

When a neuron is in a resting state, there is a greater concentration of ____ ions outside the neuron.

Irises

The ___ are donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue that regulate the amount of light that enters the retina

stationary

The majority of the visual neurons respond only to ____ neurons

Biopsychology

The scientific study of the biology of behavior

Neuroanatomy

The study of the structure of the nervous system

Neurophysiology

The study of the functions and activities of the nervous system

Pure research

To gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself

Psychophysiology

Division of biopsychology that studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects

The type of pill administered

A biopsychologist wants to study the effects of the hormone cortisol on memory. She randomly assigns participants to two groups: one group receives a cortisol pill, while the other receives a placebo. After 30 minutes, all participants take a memory test. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

C. Non-invasive brain imaging in a within-subjects design

Researchers are investigating the role of the amygdala in emotional processing. They use fMRI to measure brain activity while participants view fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Which method best describes the design of this experiment?

A. Correlational study using natural observation

B. Experimental study with invasive brain stimulation

C. Non-invasive brain imaging in a within-subjects design

D. Case study involving brain lesions

A. The hippocampus is important for spatial memory

A study find that rats with lesjons in the hippocampus have difficulty learning a maze, while rats without lesions complete it successfully. What conclusion can be drawn from this experiment?

A. The hippocampus is important for spatial memory

B. The hippocampus is unrelated to memory or learning

C. Lesions improve learning in rats

D. Maze learning depends only on motovation, not brain structures

d. The time of day when each group was tested

A biopsychologist is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. Two groups of participants are used: Group A sleeps for 8 hours, and Group B is kept awake all night. However, all participants in group A are tested in the morning, while Group B is tested late at night. Which of the following is the best example of a confounding variable in this experiment?

a. The use of a computerized reaction time test

b. The amount of sleep participants got the night before the experiment

c. The total number of participants in each group

d. The time of day when each group was tested

b. It uses different techniques to study the same question, strengthening overall conclusions

A team of biopsychologists is investigating the role of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making. To explore this, they use several methods:

. Neuroimaging (MRI) to observe brain activity during decision-making tasks

• Neuropsychological testing on patients with prefrontal cortex damage

• Animal studies involving lesions to the prefrontal area followed by behavioral tests

How does this research design reflect the use of converging operations?

a. It repeats the same experiment to ensure reliability of a single method

b. It uses different techniques to study the same question, strengthening overall conclusions

c. It combines qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys

d. It focuses only on one species to control for biological differences

b. Autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

a. Somatic nervous system

b. Autonomic nervous system

c. Peripheral nervous system

d. Central nervous system

a. Prefrontal lobotomy

The surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the trontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus,

a. Prefrontal lobotomy

b. Morgan's Canon

c. Korsakoff's syndrome

d. Ethological research

Nature-nurture issue

The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Zeitgeist

There was a time in history that the way the human mind is conceptalized to work like an automaton. Automaton in a sense that people are mechanical with automatic thoughts and responses to certain stimuli. Thus, the methods for studying the mind uses methods in empirical ways (ile. calculation). Viewing how the mind work just like a machine is the

Analogous

The structures that are similar but do not have a common evolutionary origin.

Monogamy

the enduring bonds are formed between one make and one female

True-breeding lines

The breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation.

Genes

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.

a. Blue eyes are a recessive trait.

Amor, a 100% Filipina, married a foreigner with blue eyes. She expected that their baby will havw eyes, but the baby brown-eyed instead. The baby has brown eyes because having

a Blue eyes are a recessive trait.

b. Blue eyes are a dominant trait.

c. Brown eyes are heterozygous.

d. Blue eyes are homozygous

a. Homozygous

Amor's baby has both brown-eyed gene (BB) from both mother and father. The baby's condition is (are)

a. Homozygous

b. Heterozygous

c. Alleles

d. Phenotype

Chromosomes

The threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexully reproducing organisms

Codon

The three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.

Phenyketonuria

A neurological disorder whose symptoms are vomiting, seizures, hyperactivity, hyperirritability, mental retardation, brain damage, and high levels of phenyl pyruvic acid in the urine

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

Sagittal section

A slice through the brain parallels to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

resting membrane potential

The membrane that is polarized (carries a charge) and which is about -70 mV

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Graded potsynaptic depolarizations which increase the likelihood that an action potential will be generated

Exocytosis

The process of releasing a neurotransmitter

Action potential

A massive momentary reversal of a neuron’s membrane potential from -70 mV to about -50 mV

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that allow movement of information from one neuron across the gap between it and the adjacent neurons

Antagonist

Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter's

d. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cells

How are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest?

a. Electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cells

b. The sodium potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell

c. Potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest

d. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cells

a. Action potentials might stop

How would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apar?

a. Action potentials might stop.
b. Action potentials would not be affected.
c. Action potentials might travel more slowly.
d. Action potentials travel more quickly.

Electroencephalogram

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface.
These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Magnetic resonance imaging

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.

Contrast xrays

This involves injecting something that absorbs X-rays less or more than surrounding tissue e.g. cerebral angiography visualize circulatory system displaced blood vessels can indicate a tumor.

Computerized tomography

the use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slice" through the body

Positron emission tomography

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance

Extracellular unit recording

It provides a record of the firing of a neuron but no information about the neuron's membrane potential.

Cerebral dialysis

It is a method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Usually the first test in knowing the patient's 1Q and can help the neuropsychologist assess patient's condition.

Conditioned defensive burying

One of the contributions of this biopsychological research methods is to discover the neurochemistry of anxiety.

Sensitivity

The ability to see when the light is dim

Binocular disparity

The difference between the images on the two retinas

Blind spot

Part of the retina where no receptors where information exits the eye

Visual transduction

The conversion of light to neural signals by visual receptors

Opponent-process theory

According to this theory, there are teo different classes of cells encoding color and another class encoding brightness. Each encodes two complementary color perceptions

Akinetopsia

Deficiency in the ability to see movement progress in a normal smooth fashion

Cone

A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina which gives us our color vision

Tonotopic

What is the organization of the auditory system?

Nerve deafness

The major cause of this hearing impairment is a loss of hair cell receptors

Neuropathic pain

A 60-year-old woman complains of a byrning, tingling sensation in her feet, even at rest. There is no visible injury or inflammation. This pain is most likely caused by

Piriform cortex

It is an area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala which is considered to be primary olfactory cortex

Visual simultagnosia

A patient undergoes a vision test and demonstrates normal visual acuity (sharpness). However, they struggle to describe a scene containing multiple objects, instead focusing on individual elements at a time. Which of the following conditions is this patient most likely experiencing?

Pacinian corpuscles

It is the largest and deepest cutaneous receptors which adapt rapidly and respond to sudden displacements of the skin but not to constant pressure.

D. A combination of A, B, and C.

You bump into a friend while walking down the hallway, but you barely even notice because you were lost in thought. How were you still able to continue walking without stumbling?

You bump into a friend while walking down the hallway, but you barely even notice because

you were lost in thought. How were you still able to continue walking without stumbling?

A. Your visual system helped you perceive your friend's presence.

B. The vestibular system in your car maintained your balance.

C. Your proprioceptive system informed you of your body's position and movement.

D. A combination of A, B, and C.

sensory feedback

Sensory signals that are produced by a response and are often used to guide the continuation of the response are referred to as

Mirror neurons

This fire when individuals perform a particular goal-directed hand movement or when they observe the same goal-directed movement performed by another.

Primary motor

What part of the cortex is the main point of departure of motor signals from the cerebral cortex to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy?

Akinetopsia

Anna was crossing the street when she suddenly froze in place. She saw the cars on the road, but they looked like still images instead of moving vehicles. It was difficult for her to judge when u was safe to walk because she couldn't perceive the motion of the cars. Based on her experience which condition is she most likely suffering from?

Asomatognsia

During a neurological assessment, Miguel insisted that his left am did not belong to him. Whe asked to lift it, he looked confused and said, "That's not my arm-it must be someone else's. "He showed no signs of physical paralysis but refused to acknowledge the limb as part of his bod What condition is Miguel most likely experiencing?

C. The auditory pathway includes the superior olivacry complex and inferior collicus while the somatosensory pathway ascends via the spinal cord and dorsal columns

Which of the following correcty distinguishes the pathway of the auditory system finam tha the somatosensory system?

A. The auditory pathway ascends through the spinal cord, while the somatosensory pathway passes through the cochlear nueleus.

B. The auditory pathway begins at mechanoreceptors in the skin, while the somatosensory pathway begins at hair cells in the cochlea.

C. The auditory pathway includes the superior olivacry complex and inferior collicus while the somatosensory pathway ascends via the spinal cord and dorsal columns

D. Both pathways cross at the level of the spinal cord and terminate in the occipital lobe

Converging operations

This is the use of multiple approaches to address a single question

Scientific inference

It is the empirical method that biopsychologists use to study the unobservable

Convergent evolution

It is the evolution of similar solutions to the same environmental demands by unrelated species.

Mitosis

It is a form of cell division that yields daughter cells that have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Metabotropic receptors

It is associated with signal proteins and G proteins

All-or-none

It refers to when threshold is reached and the neuron "fires" and the action potential either oceurs or it does not.

Enzymatic degradation

It is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters

Magnetoencephalography

Measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

Electromyography

It is the technique of measuring the electrical activity of muscles.

Skin conductance

It measures of electrodermal activity

Hippocampus

It plays a key role in spatial location

Ventral stream

The "what" pathway is the dorsal stream while the "where" pathway is the

Fovea

It is the area of the retina that is specialised for high-acuity vision (for seeing fine details).

Somatosensory homunculus

The somatotopic map is commonly referred to as

Mirror neurons

These are neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed hand movement or when they observe the same goal-directed movement performed by another.