Dualism: Body-Soul Relationship - Self, Death & Afterlife

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Last updated 5:46 PM on 5/24/26
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8 Terms

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Plato's belief about the physical body

- Subject to corruption & change

- Imprisons the soul

- Source of endless trouble in its attempt to distract the soul with its fears and desires

<p>- Subject to corruption &amp; change</p><p>- Imprisons the soul</p><p>- Source of endless trouble in its attempt to distract the soul with its fears and desires</p>
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Plato's view of the soul

- Separate from the body & eternal

- Gives body life & directs it

- Aware of being immaterial

- At death, body perishes but soul leaves it to return to World of Forms

- Soul is then reborn into another body, though a few remain in the eternal world

<p>- Separate from the body &amp; eternal</p><p>- Gives body life &amp; directs it</p><p>- Aware of being immaterial</p><p>- At death, body perishes but soul leaves it to return to World of Forms</p><p>- Soul is then reborn into another body, though a few remain in the eternal world</p>
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Problem with Plato's dualism

Modern science, e.g. neuroscience suggests the mind & brain = closely interrelated & some scientists would say they are the same thing.

<p>Modern science, e.g. neuroscience suggests the mind &amp; brain = closely interrelated &amp; some scientists would say they are the same thing.</p>
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Descarte's interactionism

To explain how the body and soul interact, Descartes located the soul in the pineal gland.

<p>To explain how the body and soul interact, Descartes located the soul in the pineal gland.</p>
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Pineal gland

- Claimed it was the "seat" of imagination & common sense

- Formed the link between body and soul

<p>- Claimed it was the "seat" of imagination &amp; common sense</p><p>- Formed the link between body and soul</p>
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Why did Descartes choose the pineal gland?

Only part of the brain that was single and its function was unknown.

<p>Only part of the brain that was single and its function was unknown.</p>
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Problems with Descartes' interactionism

- Pineal gland's function is now known as secreting melatonin.

- Descartes proposed where the interaction between body & soul took place, but not how.

- Gilbert Ryle assessed Descartes' theory as "the Ghost in the Machine"

<p>- Pineal gland's function is now known as secreting melatonin.</p><p>- Descartes proposed where the interaction between body &amp; soul took place, but not how.</p><p>- Gilbert Ryle assessed Descartes' theory as "the Ghost in the Machine"</p>
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Gilbert Ryle's "Ghost in the Machine" criticism

- Ryle accused Descartes of making a "category mistake"

- We should expect to find an extra something in the form of a mind over and above the different parts of the body; to talk of the mind/soul is not to talk of some "disembodied ghost"

<p>- Ryle accused Descartes of making a "category mistake"</p><p>- We should expect to find an extra something in the form of a mind over and above the different parts of the body; to talk of the mind/soul is not to talk of some "disembodied ghost"</p>