Chapter 1 bio211

Study of anatomy: larger structures visible without magnificaiton. ex: organs, organ systems

Gross

Study of anatomy:Study of structures that can only be observed with a microscope

Microscopic

Study of cells

Cytology

Study of tissues

Histology

Study of anatomy: Changes throughout the life span

Developmental

Study of anatomy: interrelationships of all structures in a specific region of the body. Ex. Head, chest, abdomen

Regional

Study of structures that make up a discrete body system. Ex. muscular system, nervous system

Systemic

Study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease

Pathological

Chemical level of structural organization

Atoms and molecules

Cellular level of structural organization

Cells

Tissue level of structural organization-4 basic types.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Integumentary system parts

Skin, hair, nails

Skeletal system parts

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

Nervous system parts

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system parts

Glands

Lymphatic system parts

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus

Digestive system parts

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Characteristics of life

Organization, maintenance of boundaries, metabolism, energy, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Feedback loop

Stimulus, sensor(receptor), control center, effector

Most common homeostatic control mechanism

Negative feedback loop

Superior, cranial

towards the head

Anterior, ventral

Toward the front

inferior, caudal

toward the feet

posterior, dorsal

Toward the back

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from the point of attachment

Sagittal plane

right and left

Midsagittal plane

equal halves

parasagittal plane

unequal halves

Frontal plane

anterior and posterior sections

Transverse plane

Superior and inferior sections

Dorsal cavity

Back of body, cranial and spinal cavity

Ventral/Anterior cavity

front of body, holds thoracic and abdominopelvic

Visceral

Directly on organ

Parietal

Lines the cavity

Anabolism

Requires energy

Catabolism

Releases energy

Characteristic of life: Sum of all chemical reactions

Metabolism

Characteristic of life: The ability of an organism to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment.

Responsiveness

Characteristic of life: The ability to change position or location

Movement

Characteristic of life: An increase in body size due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or amount of extracellular material.

Growth

Characteristic of life: The process of which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells.

Differentiation

Characteristic of life: The formation of new organisms

Reproduction

Characteristic of life: Living things exhibit a highly organized structure from atoms to the organismal level.

Organization

Characteristic of life: Internal environment kept separate from external environment

Homeostasis

Requirements for life: Essential for efficient energy production, cant survive more than a few minutes without

Oxygen

Requirements for life: Substances ingested and used for energy, building materials, and regulating body processes

Nutrients

Requirements for life: Most abundant chemical in the body

Water

Requirements for life: Optimal temperature for enxymatic reactions and metabolic process

Normal body temp

Requirements for life: Necessary for proper gas exchange in the lungs

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Anatomical position

Standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, toes pointing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward