APUSH Period 6

impact of technical advances on capitalism

led to larger scale productions and opening of new markets

effects of rapid economic expansion

financial panics spurred reactions from farmers who were most heavily impacted

immigration during industrialization

increase in urban population

westward migration and competition

competion for land and resources led to conflict between settlers and natives

industrial revolution

shift from agrarian economics to industrialized and urbanized societies, significant changes in tech, labor, and communication

changes in communication

telegraph and telephone allowed for instant transmation of infro long distance

Transportation advancements

cars airplanes and trains opened new markets through faster transport

oil

new source of abundant cheap energy to fuel lights and machines

Bessemer Process

made steel cheaper and and easier to produce, mean larger and stronger facilities

electricity

allowed for longer operations of business and refrigeration

new industrial techniques

machines produced parts in bulk, unskilled laborers assembled

taylorism

increase in efficiency by analyzing and optimizing work process

effects of mass industry

widespread attempts to organize labor

monopoly

company that completely dominates a certain industry to reduce competition

horizontal integration

owning all of one part of a production process

vertical integration

taking control of all parts of a production process

trust

set of companies managed by small groups who prevent competition among companies

laissez fair economics

belief that the market could regulate itself, little to no government interference

social darwinism

most capable businesses would survive in the economy

Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890

landmark federal law that limited government attempts to fix monopolistic competition

primary settlers in the west

farmers, immigrants, those seeking new opportunities

impact of the railroad

promoted industrialization and economic growth

Homestead Act of 1862

provided land to settlers for a small fee in order to promote westward expansion

farmers economic challenges

growing crops for the market but were forced to rely on loans and became more vulnerable to financial swings

Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorized forced relocation of Native American Tribes to western territories

Dawes Act of 1877

offered native americans small plots of land in return for assimilating to american culture

Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876

sitting bull and crazy horse defeated US troops while defending black hills

knights of labor

aimed for 8-hr work days, child labor lawd, equal pay, included skilled and unskilled laborers

American Federation of Labor

similar to knights of labor but less diverse, they focused only on skilled workers

African American exodusters

former slaves who migrated to west seeking better opportunities, but most remained in debt

Indian Appropriation Acts of 1851

established modern reservation systems, protected and enclosed indian lands

Post Civil War

more aggressive stance against natives, tribal sovereignty was viewed as obstacle to national unity and economic expansion

rise of labor unions

rise of big businesses and changing working conditions led to the formation of unions to advocate for better wages and working conditions

Eugene Debs

advocated for all workers to unite under one, supported socialism

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

response to wage cuts and panic of 1873, workers walked off and restricted access， led to better labor unions, established helath care and pensions

May Day

nationwide strikes for an 8-hr work day

Haymarket Affair of 1886

violent encounter between between police and labor protesters, caused backlash against immigrants and socialists

Pullman Strike of 1894

protested wage cuts without rent reduction, shut down railroad traffic until federal troops were sent

deflationary monetary policy

higher taxes and lower spending, lowers economic growth and lead to decline in spending

panic of 1873

led to economic slowdown that resulted in wage cuts for railroad workers resulting in strikes and unrest

gold standard

currency value directly linked to gold, reducing money supply, falling prices made it harder for farmers to pay off debts

Grange

promoted social and economic needs of american farmers, wanted railroad regulation and storage of grains for price control

populist movement

reform government and economy through progressive demands, direct election of US senators, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads

farmers and inflation

increase prices of products, more access to money, reduce debt value, lower interest,

bi metalism

use of gold and silver as currency, would contribute to inflation

1874 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

era’s largest female organization, with a membership by 1890 of 150,000, moved from advocating against alcohol to womens rights to vote

Chinese Exclusion Act

excluded all immigrants from China from entering the country, first time race had been used to exclude an entire group of people

Political Machines/ Boss Tweed

Political machines were a symbol of corruption during the Gilded Age but also provided services to immigrants and marginalized communities

Urban Reformers

The main takeaway was that Urban Reformers, such as Jane Adams, helped create institutions like settlement houses which helped bring about reform, education, and essential resources,

Plessy V. Ferguson

segregation made legal and constitutional, “separate but equal”, Jim Crow laws

European Immigration

Americans were prejudiced against immigrants even if they were white, scared of their influence on politics and the economy