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impact of technical advances on capitalism
led to larger scale productions and opening of new markets
effects of rapid economic expansion
financial panics spurred reactions from farmers who were most heavily impacted
immigration during industrialization
increase in urban population
westward migration and competition
competion for land and resources led to conflict between settlers and natives
industrial revolution
shift from agrarian economics to industrialized and urbanized societies, significant changes in tech, labor, and communication
changes in communication
telegraph and telephone allowed for instant transmation of infro long distance
Transportation advancements
cars airplanes and trains opened new markets through faster transport
oil
new source of abundant cheap energy to fuel lights and machines
Bessemer Process
made steel cheaper and and easier to produce, mean larger and stronger facilities
electricity
allowed for longer operations of business and refrigeration
new industrial techniques
machines produced parts in bulk, unskilled laborers assembled
taylorism
increase in efficiency by analyzing and optimizing work process
effects of mass industry
widespread attempts to organize labor
monopoly
company that completely dominates a certain industry to reduce competition
horizontal integration
owning all of one part of a production process
vertical integration
taking control of all parts of a production process
trust
set of companies managed by small groups who prevent competition among companies
laissez fair economics
belief that the market could regulate itself, little to no government interference
social darwinism
most capable businesses would survive in the economy
Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890
landmark federal law that limited government attempts to fix monopolistic competition
primary settlers in the west
farmers, immigrants, those seeking new opportunities
impact of the railroad
promoted industrialization and economic growth
Homestead Act of 1862
provided land to settlers for a small fee in order to promote westward expansion
farmers economic challenges
growing crops for the market but were forced to rely on loans and became more vulnerable to financial swings
Indian Removal Act of 1830
authorized forced relocation of Native American Tribes to western territories
Dawes Act of 1877
offered native americans small plots of land in return for assimilating to american culture
Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876
sitting bull and crazy horse defeated US troops while defending black hills
knights of labor
aimed for 8-hr work days, child labor lawd, equal pay, included skilled and unskilled laborers
American Federation of Labor
similar to knights of labor but less diverse, they focused only on skilled workers
African American exodusters
former slaves who migrated to west seeking better opportunities, but most remained in debt
Indian Appropriation Acts of 1851
established modern reservation systems, protected and enclosed indian lands
Post Civil War
more aggressive stance against natives, tribal sovereignty was viewed as obstacle to national unity and economic expansion
rise of labor unions
rise of big businesses and changing working conditions led to the formation of unions to advocate for better wages and working conditions
Eugene Debs
advocated for all workers to unite under one, supported socialism
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
response to wage cuts and panic of 1873, workers walked off and restricted access， led to better labor unions, established helath care and pensions
May Day
nationwide strikes for an 8-hr work day
Haymarket Affair of 1886
violent encounter between between police and labor protesters, caused backlash against immigrants and socialists
Pullman Strike of 1894
protested wage cuts without rent reduction, shut down railroad traffic until federal troops were sent
deflationary monetary policy
higher taxes and lower spending, lowers economic growth and lead to decline in spending
panic of 1873
led to economic slowdown that resulted in wage cuts for railroad workers resulting in strikes and unrest
gold standard
currency value directly linked to gold, reducing money supply, falling prices made it harder for farmers to pay off debts
Grange
promoted social and economic needs of american farmers, wanted railroad regulation and storage of grains for price control
populist movement
reform government and economy through progressive demands, direct election of US senators, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads
farmers and inflation
increase prices of products, more access to money, reduce debt value, lower interest,
bi metalism
use of gold and silver as currency, would contribute to inflation
1874 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
era’s largest female organization, with a membership by 1890 of 150,000, moved from advocating against alcohol to womens rights to vote
Chinese Exclusion Act
excluded all immigrants from China from entering the country, first time race had been used to exclude an entire group of people
Political Machines/ Boss Tweed
Political machines were a symbol of corruption during the Gilded Age but also provided services to immigrants and marginalized communities
Urban Reformers
The main takeaway was that Urban Reformers, such as Jane Adams, helped create institutions like settlement houses which helped bring about reform, education, and essential resources,
Plessy V. Ferguson
segregation made legal and constitutional, “separate but equal”, Jim Crow laws
European Immigration
Americans were prejudiced against immigrants even if they were white, scared of their influence on politics and the economy
Note 
Flashcard (111)