COMPS Counseling & Helping Relationships Part 2

What book helped popularize Glasser's theory in education?

Schools Without Failure.

Who developed REBT?

Albert Ellis.

What was REBT formerly called?

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).

What does REBT say causes emotional disturbance?

Irrational beliefs/thoughts, rather than the event itself.

What philosopher is most closely associated with the ideas behind REBT?

Epictetus.

What does A represent in Ellis's ABC model?

Activating event.

What does B represent?

Belief system.

What does C represent?

Emotional consequence.

What happens at D?

The irrational belief is disputed.

What happens at E?

A new effect/effective philosophy or emotional consequence develops.

What is musturbation?

Rigid thinking involving excessive musts, shoulds, and oughts.

What is another term for musturbation?

Absolutist thinking.

What is awfulizing/terriblizing?

Catastrophizing—telling yourself a situation is unbearably terrible.

What is bibliotherapy?

Using books or writings as therapeutic homework.

What is cognitive disputation?

Challenging irrational thoughts and replacing them with rational ones.

What is imaginal disputation?

Using imagery to challenge unhealthy beliefs.

What is behavioral disputation?

Behaving differently to challenge irrational beliefs.

What are internal verbalizations?

Self-talk/internal sentences that influence emotions and behavior.

Is REBT directive or nondirective?

Directive and didactic.

Who developed Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)?

Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.

How does RBT differ from REBT in your notes?

RBT places particular emphasis on written self-analysis.

Who developed Cognitive Therapy?

Aaron T. Beck.

What assessment did Beck create?

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

How did Beck's terminology differ from Ellis's?

Beck viewed dysfunctional thoughts as overly broad/absolute but not necessarily irrational; he preferred concepts such as rules or formulas for living.

What is Beck's cognitive triad of depression?

Negative views of:

1. Self

2. World/experience

3. Future

What is Socratic questioning?

Asking questions that help clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns.

What is metacognition?

Awareness of one's own thinking/cognitive processes.

Who is associated with stress-inoculation training?

Donald Meichenbaum.

What is Meichenbaum's approach also called?

Self-instructional training.

What are the three phases of stress-inoculation training?

• Educational phase

• Rehearsal phase

• Application phase

Who created Transactional Analysis (TA)?

Eric Berne.

What books popularized TA?

Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello?

What are Berne's three ego states?

Parent, Adult, and Child (P-A-C).

What does the Parent correspond to in Freud's theory?

The superego.

What does the Adult correspond to?

The ego.

What does the Child correspond to?

The id.

What is the Nurturing Parent?

The caring, sympathetic, protective aspect of the Parent ego state.

What is the Critical Parent?

The judgmental part characterized by shoulds, oughts, and musts.

What is the Prejudicial Parent?

Biased/opinionated beliefs not based on fact.

What is an Incomplete Parent state?

A Parent-state issue associated with the absence or death of a parent.

What are the three Child forms in your notes?

Natural Child, Adapted Child, and Little Professor.

What is the Natural Child?

Spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained.

What is the Little Professor?

Creative and intuitive, often acting on hunches.

What is the Adapted Child?

The part that learns to comply with parental expectations.

What are injunctions?

Early parental messages that influence the child's early-life decisions.

What is structural analysis?

Determining which ego state the client is operating from.

What is second-order structural analysis?

Examining subdivisions within an ego state.

What is a complementary transaction?

Communication in which the vectors run parallel and the expected response occurs.

What is a crossed transaction?

Communication in which the vectors do not run parallel, often creating conflict/deadlock.

Who popularized the TA life positions?

Thomas/Tom Harris in I'm OK—You're OK.

What is the healthiest life position?

I'm OK—You're OK.

What is “I'm OK—You're Not OK”?

A position characterized by blaming/devaluing others.

What is “I'm Not OK—You're OK”?

Viewing oneself as inferior to others.

What is “I'm Not OK—You're Not OK”?

The most pessimistic life position.

Who created the drama triangle?

Stephen Karpman.

What are the three drama-triangle roles?

Persecutor, Rescuer, and Victim.

What is a TA game?

A transaction with a concealed motive and predictable negative outcome.

What is an ulterior transaction?

A disguised/hidden message.

What is game analysis?

Examining the consequences of games.

What happens as a TA game's degree increases?

The harm becomes more serious; third-degree games can cause permanent or deadly consequences.

What is a racket?

An unpleasant feeling produced through a game.

What is collecting trading stamps?

Manipulating/interacting in ways that accumulate familiar emotional feelings.

What is a life script?

An ongoing life drama/plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.

What is script analysis?

Identifying and examining the client's life script.

What life-script types are listed in your notes?

Never, always, after, open-ended, until, desirable, and less-desirable scripts.

Who developed Gestalt Therapy?

Frederick “Fritz” Perls.

What does Gestalt mean?

A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.

What does Gestalt Therapy emphasize?

Awareness and experience in the here and now.

What are the top dog and underdog?

Opposing personality parts:

• Top dog: authoritarian, critical, shoulds/oughts

• Underdog: weak, passive, powerless, full of excuses

What is the empty-chair technique?

The client imagines another person or part of the self in an empty chair and conducts a dialogue with it.

What is the Gestalt projection technique?

Having the client act like the person/quality they dislike to confront projected aspects of themselves.

What does “stay with the feeling” mean?

The client is encouraged to fully experience rather than avoid a present emotion or bodily sensation.

How does Gestalt use dreams?

The client recounts the dream as if it is happening in the present, with dream elements viewed as projections of self.

What is the exaggeration experiment?

Exaggerating a present verbal/nonverbal behavior to increase awareness.

Does Gestalt prefer “what” or “why” questions?

“What” questions.

Why might a Gestalt counselor ask a client to change “it” statements into “I” statements?

To increase personal ownership and awareness.

What is retroflection?

Doing to yourself what you really want to do to someone else.

What is unfinished business?

Unexpressed emotions from the past that interfere with present functioning.

What are Perls's five layers of neurosis?

• Phony

• Phobic

• Impasse

• Implosive

• Explosive

What is the phony layer?

The superficial/false layer.

What is the phobic layer?

Fear that others will reject the person's uniqueness.

What is the impasse layer?

Feeling stuck.

What is the implosive layer?

Becoming willing to expose the true self.

What is the explosive layer?

Experiencing relief through authenticity.

Who is associated with insight learning?

Wolfgang Köhler.

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

Motivated people experience tension from unfinished tasks and therefore tend to remember unfinished activities better.

Who is associated with the Zeigarnik effect?

Bluma Zeigarnik.

What is Wertheimer's phi phenomenon?

The illusion of movement created by stationary stimuli.

Who developed psychodrama?

Jacob L. Moreno.

Who coined the term “group therapy” in 1931?

Jacob L. Moreno.

What is a major criticism of Gestalt Therapy?

It may underemphasize cognitive concerns and historically could be overly confrontational.

Who developed Person-Centered Therapy?

Carl Rogers.

What three names has Rogers's approach used?

Nondirective → Client-Centered → Person-Centered.

When did the approach become known as Person-Centered Therapy?

1974.

What other name can Rogers's approach be called?

Self-theory.

Person-Centered Therapy belongs to what broader school?

Humanistic/existential or third-force psychology.

What are Rogers's three core conditions?

Congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.

What is congruence?

Being genuine/authentic, with outward behavior matching internal experience.

What is unconditional positive regard?

Nonjudgmental acceptance/nonpossessive warmth.

What is empathic understanding?

Accurately understanding the client's subjective world.