Force, Pressure, Thermodynamics, and Fluid Flow - Scientific Foundations (Exam 2)

Newton's First Law is the law of _______.

Law of inertia

An object at rest stays at rest, or an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by another force

Law of inertia

Newtons first law

Newton's Second Law is the law of ________.

Law of Acceleration

You have two objects. One has a mass of 2 kg and the other is 6 kg. If you apply the same amount of force to each object, which one will accelerate more?

The smaller one will accelerate more

Newton's Third Law is the law of _______.

Law of Reciprocal action

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Law of reciprocal action

Newton's third law

What is Adrienne's Law?

(AKA Fourth law? IDK...)

If you do not

-Work hard

-Study

-Memorize

- Understand

your anesthetic curricular content you will fail boards

If you do not work hard, study, memorize, and understand your anesthetic curricular content.......you will fail boards! This is what law?

The fourth law "Adrienne's Law"

If you do not work hard, study, memorize, and understand your anesthetic curricular content you will _______ ________.

Fail boards

(Adrienne's Law)

Force divided by acceleration (F/a) equals

Mass

The total amount of matter in an object

Mass

How fast and in what direction an object is moving. Speed plus direction equals

Velocity

Magnitude plus direction gives you a _________ quantity

Vector

What is an example of a vector?

An ECG/EKG

Speed is only miles or kilometers per hour, once direction is added it becomes?

Velocity

Defined as the rate of change of velocity

Acceleration

Change in velocity divided by time equals?

Acceleration

Mass multiplied by acceleration (ma or m x a) equals?

Force

The amount of energy required to move an object

Force

If you are only told magnitude, that is only one-dimension that lacks direction. This results in a ______ value

Scalar value

The universal attraction between objects?

Gravitational Force

The total effect of gravity pulling on all the electrons, neutrons, and protons?

Weight

The cumulative effect of gravity on gases in the air gives rise to

Atmospheric pressure

Force divided by area (F/A) equals?

Pressure

1 torr is equal to how many mmHg?

1 torr = 1 mmHg

1 atm is equal to how many mmHg?

1 atm = 760 mmHg

1 atm is equal to how many bars of pressure?

1 atm = 1 bar

The cumulative effect of gravity on atmospheric gases gives rise to?

Atmospheric Pressure (atm)

What type of gauge relies on expansion or contraction of bellows as the pressure changes?

Aneroid Bellows Gauge

Gauge that does not require liquid to operate?

Aneroid Bellows Gauge

What gauge utilizes a sealed bellows component that measures changes in absolute pressure?

Aneroid barometer

(a type of aneroid bellows gauge)

An open or unsealed bellows component is used to measure gauge pressures like the _______ gauge?

Bourdon gauge

The gauge on gas cylinders we use in the hospital is an example of what measurement device?

Bourdon gauge

The _______ mandates frequent checks of all cylinders

ASTMI

(TheAmerican Society for Testing Materials International)

Absolute pressure would be gauge pressure + ___________ pressure

atmospheric

(absolute = gauge + atmospheric)

What if a bourdon gauge pressure was reading zero, what is the absolute pressure?

760 mmHg

Remember: absolute pressure = gauge + atmospheric pressure

On a bourdon gauge pressure (what you see on your gas cylinders) is absolute minus _______ ________?

Atmospheric pressure

Remember: gauge = absolute - atmospheric

The first law of thermodynamics is?

Law of conservation

Energy cannot be created or destroyed is the law of ___________

Conservation

The law of conservation describes how...

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

The second law of thermodynamics is?

Law of entropy

Energy favors randomness, this is an example of?

Entropy

Third law of thermodynamics is?

Law of absolute zero

Conceptually, what is absolute zero

Void of all energy

(the temperature at which all atomic and molecular motion ceases)

What are the two types of energy?

-Kinetic energy

-Potential energy

ENERGY-defined as the exertion of force (________) or the capacity (________) to do work

Kinetic

and

Potential

Resting energy that is "waiting" to be used?

Potential energy

Energy that is in motion?

Kinetic energy

Entropy ends when all energy is

Equally distributed

_______ ends when all energy is equally distributed

Entropy

Equilibrium of energy?

Entropy

Measure of the thermal state of an object

Temperature

What are the four types of heat loss?

-Radiation

-Convection

-Conduction

-Evaporation

How are heat and energy related?

They are the same....

Heat loss is a loss of energy

Energy loss is a loss of heat

Heat transfer that deals with movement; creating air currents?

Convection

Transfer of heat via indirect contact?

Radiation

Transferring of heat by direct contact?

Conduction

Phase change of liquid to a gas

Evaporation

Process of converting liquids into vapor and requires energy

Vaporization

The amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase

Latent heat of vaporization

Vapor pressure is measured as gas molecules escape the liquid, they exert a pressure. What are the vapor pressures of Isoflurane? Sevoflurane? Desflurane?

Iso - 240 mmHg

Sevo - 170 mmHg

Des - 669 mmHg

A theoretical state devoid of all energy?

Absolute Zero

What temperature is absolute zero in Celsius and Kelvin?

0 Kelvin (K)

and

Negative 273 Celsius (C)

Quantity of a fluid(or gas) passing a point per unit of time is what?

Flow

Liters/minute is a measurement of?

Flow

Which states of matter can flow?

gases and liquids only

Which states of matter can flow and are easily compressed?

Gases

Which states of matter can flow but resist compression?

Liquids

Study of fluids at rest that are not moving

Hydrostatics

Study of fluids in motion

Hydrodynamics

The difference between the upward-directed force and the downward-directed force in a fluid

Archimede's Principle of bouyant force

All flow moves from __________ pressure or resistance to a __________ pressure or resistance

Higher to Lower

Hence - path of least resistance

Resistance of flow from surface interaction, proportional to viscosity?

Friction

Property of a fluid that resists flow?

Viscosity

Fluid that travels in a parallel path within the tube?

Laminar Flow

What type of flow predominates in the smallest airways, terminal bronchioles?

Laminar flow

Steady flow without turbulence

Laminar flow

Laminar flow is known as _____________ Law

Poiseuille's Law

Flow is ________ proportional to fluid viscosity and length of the tube

Inversely

Which will have the greatest flow?

a. 18g PIV

b. 18g PICC

c. 18g RIJ CVC

d. 20g PIV

a. 18g PIV

18g PIV is the shortest lumen of the options..

Length of tube increases resistance therefore decreasing flow

20g PIV lumen is smaller and flow is proportional to radius

radius of lumen gets smaller.... flow decreases

Which will have the least flow?

a. 18g PIV

b. 18g PICC

c. 18g RIJ Which will have the least flow?

d. 16g PIV

18g PICC

Longest lumen increases resistance therefore decreasing flow

Flow is _________ proportional to the 4th power of the radius.

Directly

Flow is proportional to the 4th power of the _________.

Radius

Flow is indirectly proportionate to the fluid viscosity and ______ of the "tube".

Length

Where inside a "tube" would flow be the greatest and least?

Flow is...

Greatest - Center of the tube

Least - The walls of the tube

Where inside a "tube" would resistance be the greatest and the least?

Resistance is...

Greatest - The walls of the tube

Least - The center of the tube

Manipulating ________ has the most dramatic effect on flow.

Radius

Why does elevating your IV bag increase flow?

Increased hydrostatic pressure from gravity

Which will have the greatest flow?

a. 18g PIV

b. 16g PICC

c. 20g RIJ CVC

d. 16g PIV

16g PIV

shortest lumen

and

largest radius

(IDEAL FOR mass transfusions... This is why PICCs often fail mass transfusions because lumen size is mediocre and length is far too long causing too much resistance against rapid transfusion)

Chaotic and abruptly changing flow is?

Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow occurs when a tube is angled greater than ______ degrees?

25 degrees

When flow becomes turbulent what happens to resistance?

Resistance increases

Predicts when flow through a cylinder tube changes from laminar to turbulent

Reynold's Number

Conceptually, a Reynold's number of greater than 2000 is when flow begins to change from ________ to _________.

Laminar to Turbulent

A change in flow from laminar to turbulent is known as?

Transitional flow

During turbulent flow, flow is determined by __________.

Density

During laminar flow, flow is determined by _______.

Viscosity

Would a high density or low density gas be best with turbulent flow and breathing?

Low

In the small "tubes" of the human body like capillaries, laminar flow is found when pressure is?

Low

In the small "tubes" of the human body like capillaries, turbulent flow is found when pressure is?

High