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Personality
The structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
5 Personality and Development Theories
Type Theories
Psychodynamic Theories
Behavioral Theories
Humanist Theories
Trait Theories
Type Theories
Type A : organized, time management, stress
Type B: disorganized, relaxed, innovative
(Based on our biology, this theory is flawed and not accurate. People are complicated)
Pyschodynamic Theories
Stages developed by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Personality changes over time based on different stages of life.
Sigmund Freud was focused on psychosexual development while Erikson was focused on a social development (home to school to living on our own to career)
Behavioral Theories
Focused on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by external stimuli. ex. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning
Humanist Theories
Developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. We acknowledge that biology and stages of life matters but we also have a choice of how we want to develop our personalities.
Trait Theories
A personality theory that describes people based on their characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving ex. trait identification, trait classification, trait relationship
Is personality largely a function of our genes or experiences?
Both
Openness to Experience
One of the Big 5 dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated.
Not significantly related to job performance across jobs. It becomes more important in jobs that are fluid and dynamic or that require high levels of creative performance.
Conscientiousness
One of the Big 5 dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, persevering.
Has the biggest influence on job performance and organizational commitment and prioritizes accomplishment striving. Negatively predicts mortality from injuries, cardiovascular disease, and cancer since people with this personality take more responsibility for their health.
Extraversion
One of the Big 5 dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant.
Positively related to job and life satisfaction. People with this personality experience more positive affectivity and prioritize status striving.
Agreeableness
One of the Big 5 dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, and warm.
Not a consistent predictor of job performance. People with this personality trait focus on getting along rather than getting ahead and prioritize communion striving.
Neuroticism
One of the Big 5 dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, and unstable.
This is negatively related to job performance and people with this trait experience more negative affectivity and posses an external locus of control.
Is it Nature or Nurture?
Both, but largely nurture and our personality can change over time.
The Dark Triad
Narcissism (Lack of empathy)
Psychopathy (Lack of remorse)
Machiavellianism (Lack of morals)
Type A
This type of person is more competitive, concerned with time management, highly organized, stressed, goal oriented, easily irritated, has a higher chance of developing coronary heart disease
Type B
This type of person is more relaxed, works steadily, less organized, has lower stress levels, reflective, innovative, even tempered, enjoys games and competitions, patient, has lower chances of developing coronary heart disease
Individual Values
Beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations in life that represent what is important to you
Core Values
A person’s most strongly held beliefs that are most central to defining that person
Value Conflict
When two values are in tension with each other, and it is impossible to satisfy them both.
Cultural Values
Defined as the shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations
Traits
Recurring regularities or trends in people’s responses to their environment
Espoused Values
Beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company [or person] explicitly
states
Enacted Values
Beliefs, philosophies, and norms that are shown in a company's or a person's behaviors
Value System
The combination of a person's values and the strength of those values, as an integrated whole
Value Content
The substance of what you believe
Value Strength
How strongly you believe in something
The 2 taxonomies are
Hofstede and GLOBE
Drawbacks of Measuring Personality
Privacy advocates worry about the security of the personality profiles that are stored in large databases. There's also no guarantee that the personality tests used by a company are actually valid assessments because few of them have been subject to scientific investigation. People exaggerate results.
