unit 7 terms cpush

New Frontier

internal program of President John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963, aimed at increasing support for education programs against poverty and care for the elderly, lowering taxes, raising the minimum wage, prohibiting racial discrimination and increasing defense spending.

NASA

a U.S. government agency established in 1958 for the research and development of space exploration vehicles and projects.

planned economy

a type of economy in which government planners make all economic decisions.

Bay of Pigs invasion

an invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was authorized by John F. Kennedy for the purpose of overthrowing Castro's regime, organized by the CIA, executed by Cuban exiles, and defeated by Castro's forces.

summit meeting

a meeting of heads of state to discuss matters important to their nations.

Berlin Wall

a concrete wall that the communist East German government erected in 1961 to cut off West Berlin from the rest of East Germany and prevent East Germans from escaping into democratic West Berlin; the wall stood until 1989.

Cuban Missile Crisis

a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in fall 1962 over the building of Soviet missile-launching sites in Cuba, in response to which the United States established a quarantine to prevent Soviet ships from transporting missiles to Cuba and to demand withdrawal of all Soviet weapons from the island; after a few days, the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles and President John Kennedy agreed not to invade.

Test Ban Treaty

an agreement signed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain in 1963 to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere but allow underground testing.

developing countries

a country that is poor and has little or no industrialization.

developed countries

a country that is wealthy and has extensive industrialization.

Peace Corps

a government agency created by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to send skilled volunteers to developing nations to support their local communities in areas such as education, agriculture, health, technology, and community development.

Great Society

a government agency created by President John F. Kennedy.

Kennedy in 1961

to send skilled volunteers to developing nations to support their local communities in areas such as education, agriculture, health, technology, and community development.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon Johnson's extensive antipoverty program from 1964 to 1969, the centerpiece of which was the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.

Economic Opportunity Act

a law passed by Congress in 1964 to create dozens of federal antipoverty programs, including the Job Corps and VISTA, and the Office of Economic Opportunity to oversee them.

Medicare

a federal health insurance program that pays for hospital and nursing home services for U.S. citizens 65 years or older.

Medicaid

a health insurance program that is jointly financed by federal and state governments and that covers low-income people as well as older Americans who have used up their Medicare benefits.

Immigration Act of 1965

a law passed by Congress in 1965 to eliminate immigration quotas based on country of origin and to make a person's skills and ties to family in the United States the key criteria for admission into the country.

Silent Spring / environmentalism

a movement that works to protect the environment from harmful human activities.

consumerism

the protection of the rights of consumers.

reapportionment

redrawing voting-district boundaries to reflect population changes.

establishment clause

a clause within the First Amendment to the Constitution that states that 'Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion'.

Miranda rights

the rights of a person accused of a crime to remain silent and to have a lawyer present when being questioned.

counterculture

a group in society with ideas and behaviors very different from those of the larger mainstream culture.

New Left

a political movement formed by student activists in the 1960s to promote traditional American ideals such as allowing all people to take an active role in government.

Free Speech Movement

a student movement that developed in 1964 at University of California at Berkeley in protest of a university rule that banned political activities on campus and that eventually persuaded the university to overturn the ban.

hippies

in the 1960s, young people who took part in a counterculture that rebelled against the social expectations of the older generation and that supported love, peace, and freedom.

Establishment

a term used by members of the counterculture of the 1960s to describe the people and institutions who, in their view, controlled society.

generation gap

a difference in attitudes and behaviors between youth and their parents.

sexual revolution

The counterculture's openness regarding sexual behavior reflected a shifting approach toward love and marriage. Many mainstream Americans worried about diminishing family values. More couples were living together outside of marriage and obtaining divorces after marriage.

communes

in U.S. history, a group-owned living arrangement in which members share responsibilities and decision making, which became popular in the 1960s

Woodstock

a three-day music festival in 1969 that was held at a farm in upstate New York, was attended by 400,000 people, and helped popularize a new generation of rock performers

pop art

short for 'popular art,' an art form of the 1950s and 1960s that focused on everyday objects that came mostly from popular culture

Viet Minh

the Vietnamese movement led by Ho Chi Minh against foreign occupation, first against the Japanese during World War II and then against the French occupation

First Indochina War

the war between the Viet Minh and the French from 1946 to 1954

domino theory

the belief that if Vietnam fell to the communists, the rest of Southeast Asia would fall like 'a row of dominoes'

Geneva Accords

the 1954 agreement between France and the Viet Minh to split Vietnam along the 17th parallel and to schedule national elections in 1956 to reunify Vietnam

military advisors

a noncombat specialist who trains and equips another nation's soldiers

Viet Cong

communist insurgents in South Vietnam

insurgency

rebellion

escalate

increase, as in to increase military involvement

surveillance

close observation

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

the resolution passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson broad powers to expand the U.S. role in Vietnam

North Vietnamese Army

Unlike U.S. soldiers, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were familiar with the land, and thus were skilled at concealing themselves in the dense tropical vegetation.

Agent Orange

an herbicide used by the U.S. military in Vietnam to kill foliage in an effort to deny cover to the enemy

war of attrition

a military campaign designed to wear down the enemy's strength

land mines

an explosive device buried just below the ground, designed to blow up when stepped on

pacification

a U.S. policy designed to promote security and stability in South Vietnam

Army of the Republic of Vietnam [ARVN]

The second pacification program sought to undermine the communist insurgency by ordering the Army of the Republic of Vietnam(ARVN) to remove Viet Cong and their sympathizers from villages.

napalm

jellied gasoline dropped from U.S. planes during the Vietnam War as an incendiary bomb designed to burn forests and destroy enemy installations

credibility gap

the difference between the reality of the Vietnam War and the Johnson administration's positive portrayal of it

Twenty-sixth Amendment

the constitutional change ratified in 1971 lowering the voting age to 18

Tet Offensive

a major offensive in 1968 by Viet Cong and NVA soldiers that resulted in growing opposition among Americans to the war

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's policy of having the government of South Vietnam gradually take over the conduct of the war, especially ground combat

My Lai Massacre

a massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in 1968; reports of the killings shocked Americans and increased opposition to the war

Kent State shootings

the killing of four protesters at Kent State University in 1970 by National Guard troops; reports of the shootings led to increased antiwar protests

Pentagon Papers

a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. role in Vietnam that was leaked to the press in 1971, revealing that previous administrations had deceived Congress and the public about the war

War Powers Resolution

a resolution passed by Congress in 1973 placing strict limits on a president's powers to use armed forces in hostilities without congressional approval

post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]

a mental illness suffered by about half a million Vietnam veterans, with symptoms including anxiety, irritability, nightmares, and depression

POWs

a prisoner of war

MIA

missing in action

New Federalism

President Richard Nixon's plan to reduce the size and power of the federal government and return power to the states, the centerpiece of which was a proposal for revenue sharing

OSHA

a government agency created by Congress in 1971 to protect workers on the job

EPA

a government agency created by Congress in 1970 to protect Americans' health and the natural environment by setting and enforcing pollution standards

stagflation

an economic condition in which prices and the rate of unemployment increase at the same time

Energy crisis

an energy shortage in fall 1973 that resulted from oil-exporting nations of the Middle East halting their shipping of oil to the United States to protest U.S. support of Israel in its conflict with its Arab neighbors

detente

the relaxation of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and between the United States and China that began under President Richard Nixon

SALT

a five-year agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals; the treaty limited the Soviet Union to 1,618 missiles and the United States to 1,054, including both ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)

Watergate scandal

a political scandal from 1972 to 1975 in which President Richard Nixon and members of his staff organized a burglary of the Democratic National Committee's headquarters in the Watergate building and then attempted to cover up their illegal activities, leading to prison terms for many involved and Nixon's impeachment

executive privilege

a president's right to withhold information under certain circumstances

bicentennial

a 200th anniversary

OPEC

formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela, a worldwide association of nations that depend on oil sales for their national income and that sets oil prices; today Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates are also members

Crisis of Confidence

This address, which the media dubbed Carter's 'malaise speech,' describing 'a feeling of general unease,' backfired. The American people did not receive President Carter's address positively.

National Energy Act

a law passed by Congress in 1978 to offer tax credits to people who conserved energy by insulating their homes or investing in alternative energy sources, such as solar energy, in hopes of reducing U.S. dependence on imported oil

Camp David Accords

brokered by President Jimmy Carter, a 1978 peace agreement between Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat in which Israel, which had taken control of the Sinai Peninsula during the Yom Kippur War, agreed to return the land to Egypt, and Egypt agreed to establish normal diplomatic relations with Israel, making it the first Arab country to formally recognize Israel's right to exist

Iranian Hostage Crisis

The Iran hostage crisis erupted when Iranian students seized Americans working in Tehran's U.S. embassy. As the crisis persisted, many Americans criticized Carter over his failure to bring the hostages home. They viewed Carter's inability to free the hostages as indicative of the United States losing power.

Rustbelt

the area in parts of the Northeast and Midwest that suffered economically because of rusting factories left behind by declining industries as a large part of the population moved to Sunbelt states in the 1970s

Three Mile Island

a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, at the nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania, It highlighted safety concerns within the nuclear industry, leading to stricter regulations and improved training for nuclear operators and emergency responders