What are human rights?
The basic rights and freedoms which all humans are entitled
They are applicable at all times and they protect everyone
When was the declaration of human rights and give 2 examples
1948
Article 5 - no one should be subjected to torture or cruel treatment or punishment
Article 9 - no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
How many articles are there in total?
30
What are human rights norms?
Ways of living that have been ingrained into the culture of a country over long periods of time
They are based on morals
What does UDHR stand for?
Universal declaration of human rights
What is the most ratified of all human rights?
UN convention on the rights of a child
Changes the way children are viewed and treated
Describes what a child needs to grow, survive and achieve full potential
Are human rights protected by law?
They are protected by international law but are non-binding
What is infant mortality rate?
Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 live births
What is inetervention?
Use of military force by a state or group of states in a foreign territory to end the violation of human rights
Advantages of intervention
Effective at stopping violations
Can have immediate benefits for locals
Contributes to long term socio-economic development
Leads to political stability
Disadvantages of intervention?
Injuries and deaths of civilians
Loss of homes
Population displacement
Increase in human rights abuses
Widening of socio economic injustice
How does the UN organise intervention?
They establish a mandate so workers and troops are authorised and are drawn from a wide range of member states
Usually military is non-force only using force in self defence
UN team works to protect and promote human rights
Example of a regional organisation
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Example of a non-governmental organisation
ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross
Example of a public-private partnership
Global alliance for vaccines and immunisation
What is global governance?
Intervention by global community attempting to regulate issues of human rights
What are geopolitics?
Global balance of political power and international relations
What are geopolitical transitions and what is an example?
How the world order or power has shifted
The cold war from 1946-1989
Why does geopolitical power have uneven spatial distribution?
Inequalities of power depend on wealth, political strength and development
USA is the only superpower but China is the worlds leading trade nation
Advanced countries are often more powerful due to colonisation and emerging and developing tend to have less power
What are supranational political and economical organisations and give 3 examples?
UN, EU AND ASEAN
Group of states which have greater geopolitical influence than their member states due to combines strength
What do organisations need to know in order to intervene in human rights issues?
Political composition of the countries involved
Nature of intervention
Reasons why intervention is necessary
Features of country government and people affected
Possible political, economical, environmental and social consequences
Complexity of human rights issues
What is forced labour?
Where people are coerced into work through the use of violence or intimidation
How many people are victims of forced labour?
Globally 21 million people
11.4 million women/girls
9.6 million boys/men
What does forced labour include?
Children denied education because they’re forced to work
men unable to leave work due to debt
women and girls exploited, unpaid, abused
Where is forced labour most common?
South East Asia
Central Africa
Haiti
What are factors influencing forced labour?
Poverty, unemployment, low wages
Conflict, corruption, political instability
Escaping climate disasters
Gender inequality, age, enslaved families
What is maternal mortality rate?
The death of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
Lowest figure in Europe, Italy
Factors that affect MMR
Access to treatment
Quality of medical services
Level of political commitment
Availability of info and education
Cultural barriers
Poverty
What treaty protects women’s rights?
Convention on elimination of all forms discrimination against women
What part of capital punishment is the denial of the most basic human rights?
The death penalty
2014 there were 607 executions
Factors influencing capital punishment
Differences between types of crime in different countries
The incidence of its legality under national law
Increase in the number of countries where it is being abolished
Number of communications and pardons
What is gender inequality?
Unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
How is gender inequality demonstrated?
Forced marriage involving children
Trafficking involving sex slavery
Access to education and health care
Employment and political opportunities
Wage equality
Violence against women
What is CEDAW?
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
What does CEDAW do?
Strengthens the rule of law and reinforces norms to outlaw gender discrimination
NGOs work within local communities to help battle discrimination
How is educational opportunity involved in women’s rights?
There have been improvements in the enrolment of females into primary education
Education is key to empower women so they can achieve success in labour market
When education improves, fertility rate drops, infant mortality falls
UNICEF is a lead agency for girls education
Factors influencing female participation in education
Costs prohibit them from moving further in education
Household obligations fall to girls
Female education is only a benefit to the family she marries into not the one she has come from
Negative classroom environments
Insufficient female teachers
Girls exploited by child labour
Factors affecting female reproductve health
Sexual violence
Forced sterilisation
Harmful practices such as FGM
Sexually transmitted disease HIV
High young pregnancy
Access to reproductive education
What is labour force participation rate?
The ratio of females to males within a country’s working population (15yrs+) that looks for or works
Factors affecting employment?
Social norms
Cultural and religious beliefs
Levels of childcare support
Degrees of safeguarding
Levels of discrimination
Strategies for global governance of human rights
Attempts to change or modify norms
Work of NGOs, private organisations
Influence of MNCs
Creation and application of laws
Role of UN peacekeeping
What violations cause conflict?
Denial of needs such as food housing
Discrimination and denial of freedom
Unrepresented government
Oppressive governments
Genocide or torture
How are violations a consequence of conflict?
High mortality of military involved in fighting
Damage to homes and property
Damage to infrastructure like transport and schools
Impacts on food and water
Displacement of people
‘ethnic cleansing’
how can technology be used to help intervention?
important for communication
Satellites used for surveillance in areas too late for conventional observation
How do aid workers and foreign aid contribute?
Required for peacekeeping missions of the UN
Funds are provided by member states
NGOs in Haiti are funded by 5 million dollars in foreign aid
What is the UN and what does it do?
The united nations
193 member states
Human rights are at the core
Many agencies are involved to protect human rights
Security council deals with grave violations
What are NGOs and what do they do?
Part of civil society
Can monitor and provide early warning of new violence through education, training, water conservation, improved sanitation
What are treaties/laws and what do they do?
Treaties are formal written agreements between groups of countries which are binding in law
Drawn up by the UN or regional organisations
Combination of legal and practical methods are used to protect human rights
How do human rights interventions contribute to development?
Rights are essential for sustaining development
UN millennium development goals show how rights and development are closely linked
Short term benefits of global governance
Medical assistance and medicine provision
Shelter, sanitation, food and water
Military protection against further casualties
Short term negatives of global governance
Damage to property and infrastructure
Displacement of a population
Further disrespect of human rights
Disrupted education
Long term benefits of global governance
Improvement in health and life
Education equality
Improved transport systems
Development of infrastructure
Accepted social norms