Learn: Psychology

steps of SLT

1. Attention (The observer must be attentive towards the model)

2. Retention (The person must be capable of retaining the observed behaviour)

3. Ability to recreate (The learner must be able to physically replicate what they have observed)

4. Motivation (The individual must want to show what he/she has learnt)

SLT

humans can learn by watching models and imitating their behavior

classical conditioning

when a natural response to a stimulus is paired with a "neutral stimulus," we connect those two stimuli in our mind so that exposure to the neutral stimulus will lead to a behavior.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that prompts a natural, unlearned response.

Unconditioned response

A naturally occurring response (unlearned, instinctive such as fear, arousal etc)

Neutral stimulus

A stimulus in the environment that does not lead to any natural response.

conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that used to be neutral. It became associated with a response because it was connected to an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response

A response learned by pairing a neutral and an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

If the pairing of the NS and the US ceases or becomes inconsistent, then the CR will stop.

operant conditioning

behaviors are modified (changed) in response to a reward or punishment

positive reinforcement

The presentation of a reward to encourage the continuation of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus (punishment) to encourage the continuation of a behavior.

Positive punishment

The presentation of an aversive stimulus to discourage the continuation of a behavior.

negative punishment

Taking away a reward/positive stimulus to discourage the continuation of a behavior.

Schema

Mental representations for knowledge based on past experiences .

Assimilation

Assimilation is the process of integrating new knowledge into existing schema

accommodation

Accommodation: new information cannot be added to an existing schema; instead, we must create a new one.

Short term memory

7 +- 2 items for 6-18 seconds moved from environemental informstion through attention

Long term memory

Unlimited duration unlimited capacity moved from STM through rehersal. To move back to STM retreival necesary.

Displaced

Information that is not rehersed when in STM is displaced and replaced by other information that enter STM

Sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information such as auditory or visual for 1/2 to 1/4 of a second. Through paying attention is moves to STM

intrinsic cognitive load

Intrinsic cognitive load is the inherent level of difficulty associated with a task. For example, solving a calculus problem has a higher intrinsic cognitive load than simple arithmetic.

Extraneous Cognitive Load

Extraneous cognitive load is the difficulty of processing information due to factors that are extraneous to the task. Examples include people talking while you are reading or worrying about a family member's health.

Germane cognitive load

Germane cognitive load is the effort needed to process information. It is lower when previous learning helps us process new information.

Cognitive overload

Cognitive overload occurs when the combination of intrinsic, extraneous, and germane loads overwhelms the learner.

Cognitive load theory

that humans have limited working memory capacity, and information overload occurs if they are presented with information that exceeds this capacity.