BIO 189- Chapter 23 : Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

What is anatomy?

The study of the STRUCTURE and FORM of bodies

What is physiology?

The study of the FUNCTION of body parts

What can structure indicate?

Function

What are the basic characteristics of defining kingdom: animalia?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls or chloroplasts, motile

What do all animals share in early development stages?

Zygote to blastula

What is blastula?

A hollow ball of cells formed that can make up to 3 distinct cell layers

What does blastula allow?

For cells to become specialized into different tissues and organs

What do most animals need?

Sense and respond to the environment, acquire and digest food molecules, exchange respiratory gases (O2 & CO2), eliminate wastes, protect against injury and disease, and reproduce

Cells interact physically (__ ______) and functionally to form ____

cell junction, tissues

What is genome?

The total amount of native DNA in organism’s cell

What is gene expression?

The act of transcribing and/or translating genes- segments of DNA that make functional RNAs or proteins

What are differential gene expressions?

The expression of the same genes in different ways (timing and/or quantity) or expressing different combinations of genes from the same genome resulting in different cellular outcomes

What are the four general tissue types?

Connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

All animal tissues are cells embedded in what?

Extracellular matrix

What is extracellular matrix?

A network of filamentous proteins, carbohydrates and interstitial fluid secreted by the cells in a tissue

What does extracellular matrix provide?

Tissue structure, support, and facilitates cell to cell communication

What are epithelial tissues?

Tightly packed cells covering the internal and external surfaces of the body

What are examples of epithelial tissues?

Skin, mucus membranes, the lining of the digestive tract, lung lining

What are the three main epithelial functions?

Protection, absorption and secretion

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Composition: Single layer of flattened cells Function: Allows substances to pass through the process of diffusion and osmosis Location: Lining of blood vessels; alveoli of lungs

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Composition: Single layer of cube-shaped cells

Function: Secreted & absorbs substances

Location: Glands: lining of kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Composition: Single layer of column-shaped cells (may be ciliated)

Functions: Secretes and absorbs substances; sweeps egg/embryo along uterine tube

Locations: Lining of digestive tract (not ciliated); bronchi of lungs (ciliated); uterine tubes (ciliated)

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Composition: Multiple layers of flattened cells

Functions: Protects areas subject to abrasion; prevents water loss and infection

Locations: Outer layer of skin; lining of body openings

What are epithelial tissues two polarities?

Apical and Basal

What is the apical side of EPI. Tissues

The side exposed to an internal cavity or external surface

What is the basal side of EPI. Tissues

The side connected to other tissues via basement membrane (reduced extracellular matrix)

What does the basement membrane/reduced extracellular matrix do?

Glues epithelial tissue to underlying tissues like connective tissue or muscle

What are epithelial tissues classified by?

Shape and cell layer numbers

What are connective tissues and what do they do?

Serve to connect tissues, fill spaces in the body, protect organs, provide structural support and systemic transport

Connective tissue often contains relatively few cells in an what?

Extensive extracellular matrix

Out of all the general body tissue types, which is the most diverse?

Connective tissue (ranges from liquid to solids)

Adipose Tissue

Composition: Fat cells in minimal matrix Function: Stores fat for energy and insulation Locations: Beneath skin; between muscles; around heart and joints

Blood

Composition: Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in plasma matrix

Function: Transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Locations: In arteries, veins, and capillaries

Bone Tissue

Composition: Cells in matrix of collagen and minerals

Function: Firm support

Location: Skeleton

Cartilage

Composition: Cells in matrix of fine collagen fibers

Function: Flexible support

Locations: Ears; joints; bone ends; respiratory tract

Dense Connective Tissue

Composition: Cells in dense matrix of elastin and collagen fibers

Functions: Connects muscle to bone; connects bone to bone

Locations: Tendons and ligaments

Loose Connective Tissue

Composition: Cells in loose matrix of elastin and collagen fibers

Function: Holds organs in place; attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

Locations: Under skin; between organs

Muscle tissues create and are specialized to what?

Create movement and specialized to contract when stimulated electrically

What two proteins work together to mediate muscle cell contractions using ATP?

Actin and Myosin

What are the three muscle tissue types?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Composition: Elongated cells, each containing many nuclei; striated

Function: Moves the bones of the skeleton; voluntary

Location: Attached to bones

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Composition: Short, branched cells each containing one nucleus; striated

Function: Contraction of atria and ventricles in heart: involuntary

Location: Walls of the heart

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Composition: Spindle-shaped cells, each containing one nucleus

Function: Slow, involuntary movements

Locations: Digestive tract, Arties

What do Nervous tissues do?

Rapidly transmits information through body

What do nervous tissues use and why?

Electrochemical signals, to rapidly transmit information throughout an animal’s body and conveys information throughout the body

What are the two major nervous tissues cell types?

Neurons and neuroglia

What are neurons?

Directly transmit signals and form extensive communication networks

What are neuroglia?

Surround, support and protect neurons

Where is nervous tissue found in?

Brain, Spinal cord, and nerves

What are the two communication systems?

The nervous and endocrine system

What does the nervous system do?

Rapidly electrical communication

What does the endocrine system do?

Produces and secretes hormones that travel around the body and regulate numerous body functions

What are the two support and movement systems?

Skeletal and Skeletal muscle Systems

What does the skeletal system do?

Provides framework for muscles to attach and make movement possible

What does the skeletal muscle system do?

Supports posture and enable body to move, plus it helps maintain body temperature

What are the three energy acquisition systems?

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory systems

Cellular ATP generation requires what three systems?

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory

What does the digestive system do?

Breaks down food into simple molecules to be moved into the blood

What does the circulatory system do?

Heart moves blood around body that contains food molecules or respiratory gases

What does the respiratory system do?

Supply oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration and removes CO2

What are the four protection systems?

urinary, immune, integumentary and lymphatic systems

What do the urinary, immune, and lymphatic system do?

Eliminate toxic substances and infectious microorganisms that harm the body

What does the integumentary system do?

Provide a physically barrier to the external environment

What other systems does the reproductive system require to function?

Nervous, endocrine and circulatory systems

What are the various physiological parameters that are maintained at high level of homeostasis?

temperature, blood pressure, internal fluid composition

What is homeostasis often maintained by?

Feedback loops

What are the three components of a feedback loop?

Sensor(receptor), control center (integrator), and effectors

What is a sensor(receptor)

Senses the current physiological condition

What is a control center (integrator)

Compared current condition to a “set point”

What are effectors?

Mechanisms that can effect changes in the condition

What is negative feedback?

When a change in physiological condition triggers a response that directly reverses the change

What is positive feedback?

When a change in a physiological condition further amplifies/increases changes which rapidly drives some event to tis end point

What is part of many homeostasis feedback loops?

hypothalamus

What is the hypothalamus?

Master control center, responds to sensors in multiple systems and can regulate organs in each system to limit changes and maintain homeostasis

What is thermoregulation?

Control of the body temperature via physiological or behavioral means

Extreme temperatures can alter what?

Biological molecules

What happens if it’s too cold?

Cell lysis, which is when ice crystals form

What happens if its too hot?

Enzymes malfunction and proteins can denature

What does endothermic mean?

Body temperature remains elevated over environment as high metabolic rate results in high metabolic heat production

What are examples of endothermic?

Birds and mammals

What does ectothermic mean?

External conditions primarily determine body temperature

What are examples of ectothermic?

All invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non avian reptiles

What do endothermic animals use to maintain body temperature?

Fat/Blubber, fur ,feathers

What do ectotherm animals use to maintain body temperature?

Basking, shade, underground burrow

Ectotherm metabolism is _____ than endotherms and require less ___

Much lower and food/energy