Organic Chem 1 Test Review

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Vocabulary flashcards for functional groups and derivatives in organic chemistry.

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31 Terms

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Alkyl halide

A hydrocarbon in which a halogen substituent (X = Cl, Br, or I) is attached to an alkyl group (R–X).

<p>A hydrocarbon in which a halogen substituent (X = Cl, Br, or I) is attached to an alkyl group (R–X).</p>
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Alkene

A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon–carbon double bond (C=C).

<p>A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon–carbon double bond (C=C).</p>
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Alkyne

A hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon triple bond (C≡C).

<p>A hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon triple bond (C≡C).</p>
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Alcohol

Compound containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to carbon (ROH).

<p>Compound containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to carbon (ROH).</p>
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Ether

Compound with two carbon groups connected by an oxygen (R–O–R).

<p>Compound with two carbon groups connected by an oxygen (R–O–R).</p>
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Thiol

Compound containing a sulfhydryl group (-SH) attached to carbon (R–SH).

<p>Compound containing a sulfhydryl group (-SH) attached to carbon (R–SH).</p>
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Sulfide

Compound in which sulfur links two carbon groups (R–S–R).

<p>Compound in which sulfur links two carbon groups (R–S–R).</p>
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Aromatic

Molecule containing an aromatic ring, such as a benzene ring, with delocalized pi electrons.

<p>Molecule containing an aromatic ring, such as a benzene ring, with delocalized pi electrons.</p>
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Ketone

Carbonyl compound with the carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbon substituents (R–CO–R).

<p>Carbonyl compound with the carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbon substituents (R–CO–R).</p>
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Aldehyde

Carbonyl compound with at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon (R–CHO).

<p>Carbonyl compound with at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon (R–CHO).</p>
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Carboxylic acid

Organic acid containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to R (R–COOH).

<p>Organic acid containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to R (R–COOH).</p>
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Acyl halide

Carbonyl compound where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a halogen (X = Cl, Br, I) (R–CO–X).

<p>Carbonyl compound where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a halogen (X = Cl, Br, I) (R–CO–X).</p>
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Anhydride

Compound with two acyl groups connected via an oxygen (R–CO–O–CO–R).

<p>Compound with two acyl groups connected via an oxygen (R–CO–O–CO–R).</p>
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Ester

Carboxylic acid derivative where the –OH of the carboxyl is replaced by an alkoxy group (R–CO–O–R).

<p>Carboxylic acid derivative where the –OH of the carboxyl is replaced by an alkoxy group (R–CO–O–R).</p>
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Amide

Carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen (R–CO–NR'R'') or R–CONR'R''.

<p>Carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen (R–CO–NR'R'') or R–CONR'R''.</p>
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Amine

Compound containing an amino group (-NH2) attached to carbon (R–NH2).

<p>Compound containing an amino group (-NH2) attached to carbon (R–NH2).</p>
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Allylic Lone Pair Resonance

Two curved arrows. The first arrow shows the lone pair moving to form a new \pi bond between the atom bearing the lone pair and the adjacent carbon of the already existing double bond. The second arrow simultaneously shows the electrons from the existing \pi bond shifting to the carbon at the other end of that double bond, typically forming a new lone pair or negative charge on that carbon.

<p>Two curved arrows. The first arrow shows the lone pair moving to form a new $$\pi$$ bond between the atom bearing the lone pair and the adjacent carbon of the already existing double bond. The second arrow simultaneously shows the electrons from the existing $$\pi$$ bond shifting to the carbon at the other end of that double bond, typically forming a new lone pair or negative charge on that carbon.</p>
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Allylic Carbocation Resonance

One curved arrow showing the movement of \pi electrons from the double bond to the adjacent C^+ (carbocation), resulting in the relocation of the double bond and the positive charge to a different carbon atom, thus stabilizing the carbocation through resonance.

<p>One curved arrow showing the movement of $$ \pi $$ electrons from the double bond to the adjacent $$ C^+ $$ (carbocation), resulting in the relocation of the double bond and the positive charge to a different carbon atom, thus stabilizing the carbocation through resonance.</p>
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Lone pair adjacent to C+

One curved arrow showing the donation of the lone pair electrons to the adjacent electron-deficient carbocation (C+), forming a new \pi bond and stabilizing the carbocation.

<p>One curved arrow showing the donation of the lone pair electrons to the adjacent electron-deficient carbocation (C+), forming a new $$\pi$$ bond and stabilizing the carbocation.</p>
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\pi bond between two atoms of differing electronegativity

One curved arrow that represents the electron flow from the less electronegative atom to the more electronegative atom within the \pi bond, indicating polarization or dipole moment across the bond.

<p>One curved arrow that represents the electron flow from the less electronegative atom to the more electronegative atom within the $$\pi$$ bond, indicating polarization or dipole moment across the bond.</p>
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Conjugated \pi Bond enclosed in a ring

The movement of electrons in a cyclic system, typically involving 3 curved arrows to illustrate the continuous delocalization of \pi electrons within the ring, which contributes to the stability (e.g., aromaticity) of the structure.

<p>The movement of electrons in a cyclic system, typically involving 3 curved arrows to illustrate the continuous delocalization of $$\pi$$ electrons within the ring, which contributes to the stability (e.g., aromaticity) of the structure.</p>
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Propyl

A three-carbon alkyl group derived from propane by removing one hydrogen atom. It has the chemical formula \text{CH}3\text{CH}2\text{CH}2- or \text{C}3\text{H}_7. Propyl can exist as n-propyl (unbranched) or isopropyl (branched).

<p>A three-carbon alkyl group derived from propane by removing one hydrogen atom. It has the chemical formula $$\text{CH}<em>3\text{CH}</em>2\text{CH}<em>2-$$ or $$\text{C}</em>3\text{H}_7$$. Propyl can exist as <strong>n-propyl</strong> (unbranched) or <strong>isopropyl</strong> (branched).</p>
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Isopropyl

A common term for isopropyl alcohol, also known as 2-propanol, which is a colorless, flammable chemical compound often used as a solvent, antiseptic, and disinfectant.

<p>A common term for isopropyl alcohol, also known as 2-propanol, which is a colorless, flammable chemical compound often used as a solvent, antiseptic, and disinfectant.</p>
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Butyl

A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane.

<p>A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane.</p>
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Sec-butyl

A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, where the attachment point is on a secondary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms).

<p>A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, where the attachment point is on a secondary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms).</p>
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Isobutyl

A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, characterized by a branched structure where the attachment point is on the primary carbon, and the secondary carbon is bonded to two methyl groups (CH_3).

<p>A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, characterized by a branched structure where the attachment point is on the primary carbon, and the secondary carbon is bonded to two methyl groups (CH_3).</p>
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Tert-butyl

A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, characterized by a tertiary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms) at the attachment point.

<p>A four-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from butane, characterized by a tertiary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms) at the attachment point.</p>
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Pentyl

A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from pentane.

<p>A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from pentane.</p>
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Isopentyl

A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from isopentane, characterized by a branched structure where the attachment point is on a primary carbon, and the secondary carbon is bonded to a hydrogen and a methyl group, while the tertiary carbon is bonded to two methyl groups.

<p>A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from isopentane, characterized by a branched structure where the attachment point is on a primary carbon, and the secondary carbon is bonded to a hydrogen and a methyl group, while the tertiary carbon is bonded to two methyl groups.</p>
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Neopentyl

A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from neopentane, characterized by a primary carbon at the attachment point bonded

<p>A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from neopentane, characterized by a primary carbon at the attachment point bonded</p>
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Neopentyl

A five-carbon alkyl functional group, derived from neopentane, characterized by a primary carbon at the attachment point bonded