ap world unit 3 vocab

Ottoman Empire

1299-1922, founded by turks, rise as a result of mongol fall, sunni, controlled balkan peninsula and parts of eastern europe, lead by mehmed II

safavid dynasty

replaced the mongol rule in middle east (central asia), gunpowder empire, next to ottoman empire, shia (causes conflict w other islamic empires).

mughal empire

replaced delhi sultanate, gunpowder empire, northern india, muslim minority ruling over hindu majority, sunni

suleiman mosque

a grand imperial ottoman mosque in Constantinople (Istanbul) commissioned by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, states power of ottoman empire (& importance of islam)

coffeehouses

places where agreements were signed, ceremonial and formal, working together for business contracts, drink coffee (stimulant for intellect). ottoman into europe, important places of enlightenment.

tariff

A tax on imported goods

tribute

money, gifts, goods, people, a power payment toward more powerful states

ulama

islam scholars

umma

community of muslims

sharia law

laws of the qu'ran, muslim law

harem

quarters building with women reserved for men :(

miniature paintings

trend in ottoman empire, small paintings of propaganda and endearment.

millet system

pay tax, keep religion

sikhism

mughal religion, blend of hindu aspects, islamic, muslim, buddhist

guru nanak

the founder of Sikhism in 15th-century northern India

taj mahal

a white marble mausoleum in India, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and as a symbol of love and Mughal architectural achievement.

gunpowder empires

large, multiethnic states in middle east, central, and south asia who rely on guns to conquer/control territory

sultan

Muslim ruler (arab)

mehmed II

conquered constantinople, established ottoman empire, first ruler

suleiman I

leader of ottoman empire, height of territorial (20-30mil ppl), largest turban, siege of vienna - checked ottoman expansion

topkapi palace

a palace and center of the Ottoman state, serving as the primary administrative and educational hub for the sultans

viziers

head of imperial administration

shah

the monarch or king of Iran (Persia), particularly associated with dynasties like the Safavids (PS)

tax farming

levied tax on peasants to maintain strong military

askia of songhai

ruler of the Songhai Empire (West Africa), expanded the empire, centralized its administration by dividing it into provinces, promoted Islamic education, and implemented standardized trade regulations.

piracy

robbery in seas/international waters individuals or groups for their gain, targeting other ships for their goods or to take hostages.

shah abbas I

Safavid ruler, got rid of foreign occupiers, centralizing power through a standing army, fostering trade, promoting arts and culture, and establishing a new capital at Isfahan.

Ismail

the founder of the Safavid Empire, who reigned from 1501 to 1524.

sulh-i kull

a policy aimed to create a harmonious and stable empire by treating all subjects equally, regardless of their religious beliefs

khalsa

a dedicated order of Sikh men and women who commit to living by high moral standards and embody Sikh principles, demonstrated their commitment through initiation.

qizilbash

were a group of Turkic militant Shi'ite tribesmen who were fiercely loyal to the Safavid dynasty in Iran

isfahan

a major city in Iran, capital of the Safavid dynasty

babur

the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India

shah akbar

third and arguably greatest Mughal Emperor, ruling India from 1556 to 1605. expanded the empire, promoted Sulh-i-Kul

zamindars

inherited landlord who controlled large estates and collected taxes from peasants on behalf of the Mughal Empire and later the British Raj

mansabdars

a high-ranking civil or military official in the Mughal Empire

Devshirme

a system requiring christians in an area to provide young boys to be slaves to sultans

shah jahan

fifth Mughal emperor, patronage of magnificent architecture, Taj Mahal, overseeing the cultural and architectural peak of the Mughal Empire.

Shah Aurangzeb

sixth Mughal Emperor, expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent, military successes, but was against religious tolerance, banned music, etc

janissaries

elite military group that challenged power of sultans

istanbul

Constantinople, was a strategically vital city and the capital of the (Byzantine Empire) and later the Ottoman Empire.

purdah

Isolation of women in separate quarters

mumtaz mahal

the favorite wife and chief consort of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal as a tomb in her honor after her death

sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

rupee

Indian currency

delhi

Capital of the Mughal empire in Northern India

twelver shi'ism

the largest branch of Shia Islam, a sect that believes in twelve divinely appointed spiritual and political leaders after the Prophet Muhammad.

imams

twelve divinely appointed spiritual and political leaders after the Prophet Muhammad.

madrasas

Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.

Bureaucracy

A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

centralized power

consolidate, rule with one power, one capital city, CENTRAL around something

hongwu

peasant-born founder of the Ming dynasty, established the dynasty, centralized power, restored Confucian institutions

ming dynasty

(1368-1644), followed Yuan Dynasty, marked by the restoration of Han Chinese rule and traditional Confucian governance after the overthrow of Mongol influence.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

completed the unification of Japan under a single ruler, ambitious land surveys and sword hunts that disarmed the peasantry. after unifying Japan, launched the Japanese invasions of Korea (unsuccessful)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

military leader responsible for unification of Japan, established new govt.

edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japan's feudal military government

Daimyo

a powerful feudal lord in Japan, controlling vast territories and commanding private armies of samurai. land owners.

Qing dynasty

(1644-1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchu people.

nanjing

peace agreement that ended the First Opium War between Great Britain and the Qing Dynasty of China.

forbidden city

imperial palace with exclusivity, restricted access only to the emperor, family, and officials

journey to the west

floklore/fantasy story symbolizing the quest for enlightenment and the struggle between good and evil.

zheng he

led massive sea expeditions w many men, established Chinese maritime power, project imperial influence through a tribute system

white lotus rebellion

social and economic hardship caused peasant uprising during the Qing dynasty in central China, led by followers of the White Lotus movement

Red Turban Movement

peasant-led rebellions in China during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) that aimed to overthrow the ruling Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule

Cartography

the science, art, and technique of making maps.

manchus

defeated ming dynasty, established qing dynasty

57 ronin

example of Bushido, the samurai warrior code of honor and loyalty, demonstrating perseverance and sacrifice.

tribute system

people honor their masters by giving goods, presents, money, people, etc

emperor qianlong

fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, significant imperial expansion, especially into Central Asia (Xinjiang) and Tibet, a flourishing of arts and culture. later growing corruption and social unrest that led to decline

emperor yongle

third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Key actions during his reign include sponsoring Zheng He's voyages, building the Forbidden City

emperor kangxi

pivotal Qing dynasty monarch, economic prosperity and facilitated the introduction of Western culture and education, though he later clashed with the Pope over Roman Catholic practices.

canton system

regulation of foreign trade, restricting all international commerce to the port city of Canton and imposing strict controls on foreign merchants

queue

hairstyle

period of great peace

typically refers to the Edo period (1603-1868) in Japan, a time of stability and internal peace under the Tokugawa shogunate